Van Buren -Martin Van Buren was elected after Jackson -suffered b/c of Jackson’s bank policies -Panic of 1837 left many in bad economic situations -Newly formed Whig party gains strength

Harrison and Tyler -War hero William Henry Harrison becomes first Whig President -Harrison dies 1 month into office -John Tyler is first V.P. to become President

Societal Change -2 nd Great Awakening -period of religious revival after fewer religious “pilgrims” -Charles Finney and tent meetings -Utopian Communities -communal societies based on everyone working together -most did not work well -New Harmony -Oneida

Transcendentalism -belief in a simple lifestyle -Walt Whitman -”Leaves of Grass” -Ralph Waldo Emerson -”Self-Reliance” -Henry David Thoreau -”Civil Disobedience”

Education -one room schools -few educated beyond age 10 -Horace Mann advocated public schools for everyone -Noah Webster development of an American dictionary

Institution Reform -Dorothea Dix -help for the mentally ill -helped to start several mental hospitals -prison reform -meant to rehabilitate

American Writers -James Fenimore Cooper “Last of the Mohicans” -Nathaniel Hawthorne “Scarlet Letter” -Washington Irving “Sleepy Hollow” -Herman Melville “Moby Dick”

American Writers -Edgar Allan Poe “Raven” -Emily Dickinson reclusive poet -Hudson River School -landscape painters -Alex de Tocqueville “Democracy in America”

Life under Slavery -Rural Slavery plantations field work house workers -urban slavery skilled labor more freedoms

Abolitionists -those who opposed slavery -William Lloyd Garrison “The Liberator” -David Walker freedom by force -Frederick Douglas “North Star”

Abolitionists -those who opposed slavery -William Lloyd Garrison “The Liberator” -David Walker freedom by force -Frederick Douglas “North Star”

Abolitionists -those who opposed slavery -William Lloyd Garrison “The Liberator” -David Walker freedom by force -Frederick Douglas “North Star”

Rebellion -slaves turn to violent methods -Nat Turner, 1831 led a slave revolt -scared many slave holders in the south -led to greater control over slaves

Anti-slavery -emancipation -gradual -immediate -religious reasons -moral wrong to have slaves -values of the Constitution

Pro-slavery -new fear of revolts -black codes begin -religious support -”happy” plantation slave myth

Women in Society -cult of domesticity husband, children, home, church -could not vote in most places -could not own property or keep wages if husband lived

Reformers -Abolitionists / Suffrage Grimke sisters Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Stanton Susan B. Anthony Sojourner Truth -Temperance move to ban alcohol

Women’s Reforms -Abolitionists / Suffrage Grimke sisters Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Stanton Susan B. Anthony Sojourner Truth -Temperance move to ban alcohol

Women’s Movement -women saw increased opportunities in reform movements -Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 “Declaration of Sentiments”

Reforms -Women’s Education Catherine Beecher Oberlin College -Health Reform Elizabeth Blackwell Amelia Bloomer

Markets Expand -by the mid 1800’s people were no longer totally self-sufficient produce one product, buy all others -specialization -capitalism -standard of living rose for almost everyone

Transportation Changes -Robert Fulton steam powered ships -many canals were built after Erie was completed -growth of railroads

Inventions Improve Life -Charles Goodyear vulcanized rubber -I.M. Singer sewing machines -Samuel Morse telegraph Morse code

Agriculture -people began to move into the mid-western parts of the nation -lots of available farm lands -John Deere steel plows -Cyrus McCormick mechanical reaper

Changing Workplace -development of industry -decline of skilled labor -growth of urban areas -cost of goods decreased and supply increased

Factory System Begins -Lowell textile mills -factory system -company town for young girls -strict control over the workers lives -factory conditions would warn of future problems

Working Conditions -long hours -six days a week -poor ventilation and lighting -unsafe working conditions -development of labor unions and strikes

Immigration -lots of immigration in the mid 1800’s -mostly Irish or German -most immigrants settled in groups -low wages of immigrants caused problems with other workers -Growth of Nativism -Know-Nothing Party

Manifest Destiny -theory that the US should expand across the continent Louisiana Purchase War of 1812 Lure of the West

Manifest Destiny -theory that the US should expand across the continent Louisiana Purchase War of 1812 Lure of the West

Mormons -religious group founded by Joseph Smith, Smith was killed by a mob denouncing his views -Brigham Young led the group west to Utah, formed a thriving community

Texas -immigrants from U.S. move into Mexican Texas Stephen F. Austin leads the settlers -Mexico tries to regain control of Texas -Mexico feared a plot by the U.S. to acquire Texas

Texas -Battle of the Alamo, 1836 Texans defeated -Texans eventually defeat Mexican Army and declare independence -1836, Lone Star Republic Sam Houston serves as President of Texas

Western Lands -Indian conflicts Indian Removal Laramie Treaty, 1851 Broken Treaties

Western Lands -Oregon Territory Oregon Trial Independence to Portland Donner Party -“54-40 or Fight” -James K. Polk -election of 1844

Mexican War -Texas finally annexed in promise of newly elected Polk -border dispute arises with Mexico -Polk sends troops -war breaks out after border skirmish General Zachary Taylor General Winfield Scott

Mexican War -Mexico defeated -Mexican cessation of lands in the west 1848 California, Nevada, NM, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming

Spoils of War -Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo -Mexican cessation -Gadsden Purchase -Zach Taylor elected President -California Gold Rush Gold found in 1848 at Sutter’s Mill 1849 Gold Rush