1. Era of
Reform
Reforms included: Religious activism, Women’s rights, school reform
and abolition: the movement to outlaw slavery

2. Societal Change -2nd Great Awakening
-period of religious revival (gathering) after 1800
-fewer religious “pilgrims”
-Charles Finney and tent meetings *Listeners shrieked, moaned and fainted.
*preached people could improve themselves and society
- New strong democratic impulse in the new churches, ALL people—black or white—belonged to the same God

3. Societal Change -Utopian Communities
-communal societies based on everyone working together
- To create a “Utopia” or perfect place
-most did not work well
- The Shakers = shared everything, did not believe in having children, refused to fight
- 6,000 members
-New Harmony
-Oneida
*How might changes in America (urbanization/industrialization) impact the desire for a utopian community?

4. Transcendentalism
-belief in a simple lifestyle, finding truth in nature & personal emotion - Coined by Emerson
-Walt Whitman
- “Leaves of Grass”
-Ralph Waldo Emerson
-“Self-Reliance”
- Most influential
-Henry David Thoreau
- “Civil Disobedience”= peaceful protest
- Walden Pond, abandoned the public for 2 years.
- Jailed for not paying taxes

5. -Ralph Waldo Emerson
“Self-Reliance”
-think for yourself
-allow your ideas to evolve and change; self-reflect
-trust yourself
-do not depend on others/government; be self-reliant
-do not let society determine your identity; be a strong individual
-do not be a follower, but a free-thinker
-Henry David Thoreau
“Civil Disobedience”
- "That government is best which governs least."
-people should do what they think is right; not what laws/the majority say
-people should refuse to follow unjust laws
-people should work to eliminate evil from the world, yet they should not participate in such evil

6. Education -one room schools -few educated beyond age 10 -Horace Mann
advocated public schools for everyone
- Spent more $ on schools
- trained teachers
*“If we don’t prepare our children to become good citizens… if we do not enrich their minds with knowledge, then our republic must go down in destruction, as others have gone before”
-Noah Webster
development of an American dictionary

7. Institution Reform -Dorothea Dix
- Horrified after seeing the conditions of those imprisoned and the mentally ill.
- help for the mentally ill
-helped to start several mental hospitals
-prison reform
-meant to rehabilitate
“Don’t beat um, teach um!”

8. *You don’t have to write this stuff down, but it is interesting!
Dietary Reform
-the Health Food movement
-cereals, vegetarianism, hydrotherapy
-Sylvester Graham
-Harvey Kellogg
Health Reform
-Louis Pasteur – “father of microbiology”
-Joseph Lister – “father of antiseptic surgery”

9. American Writers– Celebrating America!
-James Fenimore Cooper
“Last of the Mohicans”
-Nathaniel Hawthorne
“Scarlet Letter”
-Washington Irving
“Sleepy Hollow”
-Herman Melville
“Moby Dick”

10. American Writers -Edgar Allan Poe “Raven” -Emily Dickinson
reclusive poet
-Hudson River School
-landscape painters – glorify the American landscape
-Alex de Tocqueville
“Democracy in America”
-a Frenchman who came to study American Democracy

11. Slavery has Doubled in America 1810 1830
Life under Slavery
Slavery has Doubled in America
-Rural Slavery
plantations
field work
house workers
worked from dawn until dusk
not only plantations but some small rural farmers owned slaves too.
rural slavery= most slaves
-urban slavery
skilled labor
more freedoms
mining and lumber industries
feed better, clothed better

12. Abolitionists -those who opposed slavery -William Lloyd Garrison
“The Liberator” - newspaper
- wanted immediate emancipation
-David Walker
freedom by force
free black, advocated for AA to fight for their freedom
-Frederick Douglas
“North Star” –newspaper- guided runaway slaves to freedom

13. Abolitionists -those who opposed slavery -William Lloyd Garrison
“The Liberator”
-David Walker
freedom by force
-Frederick Douglas
“North Star”

14. Abolitionists -those who opposed slavery -William Lloyd Garrison
“The Liberator”
-David Walker
freedom by force
-Frederick Douglas
“North Star”

15. Rebellion -slaves turn to violent methods
-Nat Turner, 1831 led a slave revolt - backfires
-scared many slave holders in the south – didn’t trust slaves, certainly didn’t trust the idea of freeing slaves
-led to greater control over slaves

16. Anti-slavery -emancipation – freedom -gradual (most)
-immediate (small %)
-religious reasons
-moral wrong to have slaves
-values of the Constitution
-Free labor ideology – free labor leads to a more productive society
-Some wanted to send the slaves back to Africa (Liberia – “Liberty”)

17. Pro-slavery -new fear of revolts
(Esp. if blacks were educated and privileged- inspired to revolt)
-black codes begin (Slave Codes)
Free Blacks & Slaves could not vote, preach w/o slave owners present, assemble in public, testify in court, own property, or learn to read & write
-religious support
- Citing passages that counseled servants to obey their masters
-”happy” plantation slave myth=
plantation owners cared about their slaves & slaves were happier in the S
Why would a poor white southerner who does not own slaves still support slavery?

18. What is the message here?
What does the title imply?