An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850 - 1871 Chapter 22 An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850 - 1871

Good Musical? Nah.

Now, there’s a good musical.

The France of Napoleon III: Louis Not allowed to stand for re-election under laws of French Republic Restored universal male suffrage and asked for longer term-- gets it (10 years) Asked that the empire be restored--gets it Assumed the title of Napoleon III (Emperor), December 2, 1852

Napoleon III: Domestic Policy Economic prosperity Industrial growth Government subsidies for infrastructure projects and industrialization Provided better housing, hospitals & medicine for workers Reconstruction of Paris Broad streets--for armies to get through and less ability to barricade… underground sewage system

Authoritarian Government (Bonapartesque) Napoleon led the army, the police, and the civil service He alone could introduce new legislation and declare war The Legislative Corps (which was chosen by popular vote) gave the illusion of a representative government, but held no real power

Domestic Policy 1. Invested in national infrastructure 2. The economy soared in his first 5 years 3. Developed hospitals, healthcare, etc. 4. Redesigned the streets of Paris. 5. When opposition mounted, he conceded some liberal reforms (legalized unions, strikes, gave power to parliament, etc.)

Napoleon’s domestic policy was popular and successful, his foreign policy led to his demise Mexico--1864 tried to take over Mexico, as both the US and Mexico were distracted with their own civil wars. Unfortunately, it didn’t work out. The Mexicans got Cinco de Mayo, and his would be emperor, Maximilian of Austria, lost his life. The Crimean War Franco-Prussian War Foreign policy:

The Decline of the The Ottoman Empire Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire Encroachment by the Russian Empire Geographically close Shared cultural ties with Greek Orthodox Christians

The Crimean War 1854-1856 Russia versus France and, well, just about everyone else. Started when Russia invaded the Ottoman Empire and allegedly insulted France.

The Crimean War Russians demand to protect Christian shrines (Privilege already given to the French) Ottomans refuse Russia invades Moldavia and Wallachia Ottomans declare war, October 4, 1853 Britain and France declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854 Fear of a too powerful Russia Upsets the balance of the Concert of Europe Austria stayed neutral (to Russia’s chagrin) Russia’s loss causes them to retreat from Euro politics Great Britain also retreats some Sets the stage for Germany and Italy to unify

Crimean War First war between European powers since the Napoleonic Wars & the Congress of Vienna marked a breakdown of the alliance system that had maintained peace for nearly half a century--No more Concert of Europe Russia and Austria now enemies

Cholera killed thousands during the Crimean War Cholera killed thousands during the Crimean War. More would have died if not for the efforts of Florence Nightingale to provide strict sanitary conditions.

When King William I (1861- 1888) came to power he wanted to double the size of Prussia's army The middle class dominated legislature feared compulsory military service and rejected the budget The king appointed a new prime minister......

Otto von Bismarck a conservative Junker class (land-owning aristocracy) Experienced diplomat Wanted to guide the German states to unification A political realist who believed in Realpolitik (power politics) Ignored the liberals in parliament

Austro-Prussian War

Prussia & Austria had dominated the German states for years

The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867 Creates a dual monarchy German and Magyars dominate minorities Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of Hungary Some things in held in common Other minorities

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Franco-Prussian War Prussian desires for a unified Germany lead Bismarck to provoke France into war. Dispute over the Spanish throne the catalyst Bismarck sees France as its last obstacle Already defeated Austria Prussian victory=loss of French power and German unification under Prussian rule

Siege of Paris January, 1871

Paris after the siege

Bismarck & Napoleon III after the Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870

The Unification of Germany William I, 1861-1888 Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)‏ Reorganization of the army Realpolitik Austro-Prussian War (1866)‏ Austrian defeat

A Unified Germany Southern German states joined the Northern German Confederation in the Franco-Prussian War William I proclaimed Kaiser of the Second German Empire German liberals were happy despite unification being achieved through the Prussian monarchy & military Germany was now the most powerful state on the Continent

National Unification: Italy Kingdom of Savoy Victor Emmanuel II, 1849-1878 Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861)‏ Napoleon III alliance with Piedmont, 1858 War with Austria, 1859 Northern states join Piedmont Guiseppi Garibaldi (1807-1882)‏ The Red Shirts Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860 Kingdom of Italy, March 17, 1861 Annexation of Venetia, 1866 Annexation of Rome, 1870

Count Camillo di Cavour, prime minister of Piedmont With wealth from an expanded infrastructure he financed a large army Fostered an alliance with Napoleon III to drive the Austrians out of Italy France would control Nice & Savoy in exchange

The Unification of Italy ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Giuseppe Garibaldi Leader of Southern Italian unification Led “Red Shirts” to victory in Sicily against the Bourbon King Crossed to the mainland and conquered southern states Did not want to go to war with Cavour and retired 1861 New kingdom of Italy under king Victor Emmanuel II (ruler of Piedmont)

January 18, 1871, Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, France

Great Britain: The Victorian Age Did not experience revolts in 1848 Reforms Economic Growth & Stability--25% increase in wages Victorian Age Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901) Sense of duty and moral respectability come to symbolize the age

Queen Victoria & her family, 1881

Benjamin Disraeli Tory (conservative) leader pushed the passage of the Reform Act of 1867 Lowered the monetary requirements for voting Disraeli thought it would help conservatives, but it actually helped liberals in parliament Party loyalty intensified

William Gladstone Whig (liberal) leader Introduced civil service exams to reduce political patronage Secret ballot Education Act of 1870- elementary education for all children

Imperial Russia Alexander II, 1855-1881 Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861 after defeat in Crimean War serfdom seen as holding Russia back Problems with emancipation poverty, debt

Growing dissatisfaction --Alexander Herzen and “Land ad Freedom” populism--revolution led by the peasants Assassinated by revolutionaries of the Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will) Alexander III (1881-1894)‏ repressive

The United States: Slavery and War The United States: Civil War and Reunion Differences between North and South The cotton economy, state’s rights, slavery Election of Abraham Lincoln, secession of South Carolina, 1860 Civil War, 1861-1865 Becomes about abolition Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 A war measure Differing interpretations about 1865--13th Amendment Lincoln’s assassination Problems for freed slaves (similar to Russia’s)

Letter to Joshua Speed--1855 I am not a Know-Nothing. How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of Negroes be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me pretty rapid. As a nation we began by declaring "all men are created equal." We now practically read it, "all men are created equal, except Negroes." When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read "all men are created equal, except Negroes, and foreigners, and Catholics." When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty--to Russia, for example, where despotism can be taken pure and without the base alloy of hypocrisy.

Marx and Marxism Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820- 1895), The Communist Manifesto, 1848 History is the history of class struggle (dialectical materialism) Stages of history--feudalism to capitalism to socialism to communism. In the end would be a classless society After 1848 revolutions, Marx went to London Marx, Das Kapital

Basic Principles of Capitalism Private ownership: individual not gov’t Free enterprise: anyone can participate in business Profit motive: do it for $$$$ Competition: lower prices, better quality, bigger choice, stimulates creativity Market economy: supply & demand

Labor Discontent LOW WAGES Barely above starvation level LONG HOURS 12-16 Hrs./day Women & children (from age 5 ) Unsanitary & UNSAFE working conditions Technological Unemployment displaced workers

Utopian Socialists: response to I.R. They believed that capitalists, once convinced of the merits would voluntarily discard private ownership & profit motive To many people the possibility that this would happen seemed unlikely, therefore these people were considered dreamers or UTOPIANS Robert Owen, Claude St. Simon, & Charles Fourier advocate the establishment of ideal communities, however, their experimental communities typically failed.

Karl Marx & Scientific Socialism “father of communism” lived in poverty & witnessed the suffering of English industrial workers Wrote: Communist Manifesto: pamphlet written w/ Fredrich Engels Used “communist” to distinguish himself from Utopians Das Kapital: criticism of capitalism

Socialism- a movement to displace Capitalism Private individuals own & operate Private owners provide people with goods & services Individual owners make decisions SOCIALISM Gov’t representing people owns & operates Gov’t determines needs of the people State planning Gov’t plans economy

A New Age of Science Development of the steam engine led to science of relationship between heat and mechanical energy Growth of scientific interest Louis Pasteur – germ theory of disease Dmitri Mendeleyev – atomic weights Michael Faraday – generator

Louis Pasteur – Germ discovery was a major breakthrough in medicine Germ theory of disease pioneered by Louis Pasteur A chemist, Pasteur helped launch the science of bacteriology Developed a process of heating to kill bacteria which helped prevent disease in the wine industry Developed vaccination for rabies

Dmitri Mendeleyev Classified material elements based on their atomic weight This would lay the groundwork for the periodic law

Michael Faraday Discovered the process of electromagnetic induction Created a generator, pioneering the use of electricity

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859 All plants and animals have evolved over a long period of time Those who survived had adapted to the environment The Descent of Man, 1871 Ideas highly controversial; gradually accepted

Studied theology at Cambridge Organic Evolution- all plants & animals over a long period of time from simpler forms of life Expanded on Mathus’s ideas: there are more individuals than can possibly survive life forms engage in a “struggle for existence

A Revolution in Health Care Joseph Lister Hospital gangrene a major problem Antiseptic principle (to fight infection) New Public Health Measures Pasteurization of milk Water purification immunization American Medical Association Some standardization of medical training and practices Women and Medical Schools Elizabeth Blackwell (New York) Female Medical College of Pennsylvania

Joseph Lister Used carbolic acid as a disinfectant during surgery, thus preventing “hospital gangrene” Antiseptic steamer

Elizabeth Blackwell 1st woman in America to earn a M.D. Established a clinic in New York City

Realism in Literature The Realistic Novel Rejected Romanticism Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), Madame Bovary, 1857 Romantic ideals have made Madame Bovary unhappy—unrealistic expectations William Thackeray (1811-1863), Vanity Fair, 1848 A novel should convey the sentiment of reality Charles Dickens (1812-1870) Famous for his descriptions of the industrial age

Thomas Eakins The Gross Clinic (1875) Dr. Samuel Gross is seen performing surgery. He pauses midway to explain the operation with his students in the Amphitheater of Jefferson Medical College

Gustav Courbet’s The Stonebreakers Aimed at a lifelike portrayal of the daily activities of ordinary people. Use of browns & grays to communicate the Drudgery of the work. of their work. Courbet is the most famous of

Jean-Francois Millet’s The Gleaners French peasants. These women appear as powerful figures despite the fact that they are performing backbreaking labor.

The March of the Weavers, Kathe Kollwitz, 1897.

Women Ironing, Edgar Degas, 1884

Franz Liszt and the New German School 1. Virtuoso pianist/composer 2. The peak of romanticism in music. 3. Got to love the piano recital.

Richard Wagner--opera composer 1. German nationalist. 2. Loved the leitmotiv: recurring musical form (chord progression, melody, etc.) that evoked the theme of the opera. 3. Obsessed with Germanic myths, etc. His The Ring of the Nibelung is an example of this. 4. Famous today for being Hitler’s favorite composer