Social Structure The Haves and the Haves Not

Status The position individuals hold in society based on defined characteristics such as gender, race, ethnicity and occupation The position individuals hold in society based on defined characteristics such as gender, race, ethnicity and occupation

Status Set All the statuses that an individual occupies, i.e. woman, mother, professional, daughter, etc. All the statuses that an individual occupies, i.e. woman, mother, professional, daughter, etc.

Status Inconsistency A situation where there are two or more widely divergent statuses an individual occupies, i.e. an engineer driving a cab A situation where there are two or more widely divergent statuses an individual occupies, i.e. an engineer driving a cab

Master Status The position some individuals have that overshadows all of their other statuses, e.g. the Pope, who is a priest and bishop of Rome, is defined by his position as head of the Roman Catholic Church The position some individuals have that overshadows all of their other statuses, e.g. the Pope, who is a priest and bishop of Rome, is defined by his position as head of the Roman Catholic Church

Ascribed Status A position assigned to an individual by society based on some arbitrary factor, such as family ties, race, gender, etc. A position assigned to an individual by society based on some arbitrary factor, such as family ties, race, gender, etc. Royalty is an ascribed status. Royalty is an ascribed status.

Achieved Status A position an individual acquires through her own efforts, such as CEO of a corporation A position an individual acquires through her own efforts, such as CEO of a corporation

Role The norms and expectations attached to a particular status, e.g. a parent’s responsibility for a child The norms and expectations attached to a particular status, e.g. a parent’s responsibility for a child

Role Strain The problems encountered when there are conflicting demands placed on a specific status an individual occupies, e.g. the demands impinging on a department manager from her staff and her immediate superior The problems encountered when there are conflicting demands placed on a specific status an individual occupies, e.g. the demands impinging on a department manager from her staff and her immediate superior

Role Conflict The difficulties encountered by having to reconcile the demands associated with two or more roles at the same time, e.g. being a employee and a parent The difficulties encountered by having to reconcile the demands associated with two or more roles at the same time, e.g. being a employee and a parent

Social Groupings Aggregates – people who are in the same place at the same time but do not interact in any meaningful way,.e.g. – subway commuters Aggregates – people who are in the same place at the same time but do not interact in any meaningful way,.e.g. – subway commuters

Social Groupings Categories – individuals who share a similar status but otherwise do not interact with each other, e.g. the nation’s college freshman Categories – individuals who share a similar status but otherwise do not interact with each other, e.g. the nation’s college freshman

Primary Groups A small number of individuals who have a close, long term relationship A small number of individuals who have a close, long term relationship Non-task oriented Non-task oriented

Secondary Groups Larger, formal groups whose relationships are based on a specific function Larger, formal groups whose relationships are based on a specific function Task oriented, e.g. office staff Task oriented, e.g. office staff

In-Groups and Out-Groups In-Group – the group to which ‘you’ belong and show loyalty, e.g. a college sorority In-Group – the group to which ‘you’ belong and show loyalty, e.g. a college sorority Out-Group – the group to which ‘they’ belong and do not measure up to ‘your’ standards, e.g. college nerds Out-Group – the group to which ‘they’ belong and do not measure up to ‘your’ standards, e.g. college nerds

Reference Groups Groups that function as yardstick for one’s behavior and aspirations, e.g. Yuppies and Preppies Groups that function as yardstick for one’s behavior and aspirations, e.g. Yuppies and Preppies Individuals who serve this function are labeled role models Individuals who serve this function are labeled role models

Group Dynamics Dyads – 2 individuals – the most intimate and fragile, e.g. close friends, married couples Dyads – 2 individuals – the most intimate and fragile, e.g. close friends, married couples Triads – 3 individuals – less intimate and intimate Triads – 3 individuals – less intimate and intimate Groups greater than five become more formal (secondary groups) Groups greater than five become more formal (secondary groups)

Group Leadership Instrumental (task) leader – directs group to achieve goals Instrumental (task) leader – directs group to achieve goals Expressive leader – maintains group morale Expressive leader – maintains group morale Authoritarian leader – assigns tasks without consideration of group’s concerns Authoritarian leader – assigns tasks without consideration of group’s concerns Democratic leader – builds group consensus Democratic leader – builds group consensus Laissez-faire leader – allows group to make its own decisions Laissez-faire leader – allows group to make its own decisions

Conformity Group dynamics exert pressure on its members towards behaving and thinking in a similar fashion. Group dynamics exert pressure on its members towards behaving and thinking in a similar fashion. Groupthink – the pressure for members of a group to hold the same view on important issues Groupthink – the pressure for members of a group to hold the same view on important issues

Larger Social Structure Networks – a web of social ties that connects an individual to other individuals or groups, e.g. the ‘old school tie’ Networks – a web of social ties that connects an individual to other individuals or groups, e.g. the ‘old school tie’ Formal organizations (bureaucracy) – large secondary groups created to carry out a specific task or function Formal organizations (bureaucracy) – large secondary groups created to carry out a specific task or function

Sociocultural Evolution Hunter-Gatherer (250,000 yrs ago) Hunter-Gatherer (250,000 yrs ago) Horticultural (12,000 – 10,000 years ago) Horticultural (12,000 – 10,000 years ago) Pastoral (12,000 – 10,000 years ago) Pastoral (12,000 – 10,000 years ago) Agrarian (6000 years ago) Agrarian (6000 years ago) Industrial (200 years ago) Industrial (200 years ago) Post-Industrial (currently developing) Post-Industrial (currently developing)

Hunter-Gatherer Nomadic Nomadic Small communities Small communities Social equality Social equality

Horticultural Semi permanent communities Semi permanent communities Gardening with hand tools Gardening with hand tools Emerging specialization Emerging specialization Beginnings of a social hierarchy Beginnings of a social hierarchy

Pastoral Nomadic Nomadic Domesticated herd animals Domesticated herd animals Emerging specialization Emerging specialization Beginnings of a social hierarchy Beginnings of a social hierarchy

Agrarian Permanent settlements Permanent settlements Animals used to perform work Animals used to perform work Development of larger social institutions Development of larger social institutions Distinct social hierarchy with limited mobility Distinct social hierarchy with limited mobility

Industrial Permanent communities Permanent communities Animal labor replaced by machinery Animal labor replaced by machinery