The Human Body

DEFINITIONS Anatomy – the study of the structures of the body (ex.- names of bones) Physiology – the study of the functions of these structures (ex.- role of bones in the musculoskeletal system)

ANATOMICAL POSITION ALL descriptions of the body are based on anatomical position. When referring to anatomical position, that means the person is: Standing Facing toward you Arms at their sides Palms toward you

PLANES OF THE BODY Sagittal (lateral) – divides the body into right and left sides

PLANES OF THE BODY Frontal (coronal) - plane that divides the body into front and back portions Transverse (horizontal) - plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions

POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS Ventral – front or belly side Anterior – situated in front Superior – above, toward the head Cephalic – toward the head Proximal – near the midline or beginning of a structure Medial – toward, near the midline

POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS Dorsal – back of body or organ Posterior – situated in back Inferior – below, toward the feet Caudal – toward lower part of body Lateral – away from the midline Distal – farthest from midline or beginning of a structure

POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS Remember: ALL terms are used in relation to what body part they are being compared to Example: The ankle is ( ) to the knee?

BODY CAVITIES Spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs Dorsal Cavities (back of the body): Cranial - contains brain, pituitary gland Spinal - nerves, spinal cord

BODY CAVITIES Ventral Cavities (front of the body): Thoracic - contains heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta Abdominal - stomach, small & large intestine, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder Pelvic - portion of large & small intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, uterus, vagina 10

DIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ RUQ – right upper quadrant RLQ – right lower quadrant LUQ – left upper quadrant LLQ – left lower quadrant Abdominopelvic area is divided into four quadrants Assessment findings, organs, etc… are usually described by the quadrant they are located in

ORGANS IN THE QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC AREA RUQ - liver, gallbladder, part of pancreas, part of small & large intestine LUQ - liver, stomach, spleen, part of pancreas, part of small & large intestine

ORGANS IN THE QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC AREA RLQ - part of small and large intestine, right ovary & fallopian tube, right ureter, and appendix LLQ - part of small and large intestine, left ovary & fallopian tube, left ureter 13

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS Named for the PATIENT’s side of body (i.e. his right or left, NOT yours) Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right inguinal Hypogastric Left inguinal

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS Right Left Hypochondriac Epigastric Hypochondriac Right Left Lumbar Umbilical Lumbar Inguinal Hypogastric Inguinal

BODY CAVITIES The peritoneum is a membrane surrounding the organs in the abdominal cavity. The retoperitoneal (retro- = behind) area is behind the peritoneum and contains the kidneys

We are playing the “Bug Slapper” game! Time to Practice!!! We are playing the “Bug Slapper” game!