2. Thoracic and Abdominal Pelvic Membranes  Thoracic membranes:  Walls of right and left compartments are lined with parietal pleura (“pariet” = wall; “pleur” = rib)  Lungs are covered with visceral pleura (“viscera” = organs in a body cavity)  Pleural cavity – fluid-filled “space” between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes  Heart is surrounded by pericardial membranes (“peri” = around; “cardi” = heart)  Visceral pericardium  Parietal pericardium  Pericardial cavity

Fig. 1.7a

Fig. 1.7b

Fig. 1.8

3. Organ Systems a. Body covering - Integumentary System b. Support and Movement: – Skeletal System – support – Muscular System - movement c. Integration and Coordination: – Nervous System – brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs – Endocrine System - all the glands that secrete hormones

3. Organ Systems (cont.) d. Transport:  Cardiovascular System – flow of blood  Lymphatic System – transports tissue fluid back to the bloodstream e. Absorption and Excretion:  Digestive System – receives, breaks down, and absorbs food  Respiratory System – moves air in and out, and exchanges gases between blood and the air  Urinary System – removes waste from blood; maintains water and electrolyte balance f. Reproductive System – produces offspring

Anatomical Terminology Describes: 1.Relative Positions of body parts to each other 2.Body Sections – cutting or sectioning the body along various planes 3.Body Regions

Relative Positions 1.Superior – above (or closer to the head) 2.Inferior – below (closer to the feet) 3.Anterior (ventral) – toward the front 4.Posterior (dorsal) – toward the back 5.Medial – middle (closer to the R-L midline) 6.Lateral – side (further from the R-L midline) 7.Proximal – closer to a point of attachment 8.Distal – further from a point of attachment 9.Superficial – near the surface (shallow) 10.Deep – more internal (further from the surface)

Fig. 1.7a

Fig. 1.7b

Body sections are divided by planes

Body Sections 1.Sagittal Plane 1.lengthwise (head-to-toe) 2.divides body into left and right sections 3.Median – along midline; midsagittal 2.Transverse Plane 1.horizontal 2.divides body into superior and inferior sections 3.Coronal Plane 1.Frontal 2.Divides body into anterior and posterior sections

Fig. 1.11

Body Regions of the Abdominal Area 1.Epigastric Region – upper middle portion 2.Left and Right Hypochondriac Regions – to the sides of the epigastric region 3.Umbilical Region – middle portion 4.Left and Right Lumbar Regions – to the sides of the umbilical regions 5.Hypogastric Regions – lower middle portion 6.Left and Right Iliac Regions – to the sides of the hypogastric region

Fig. 1.13a