Ch.25 Exploration & Colonization of The Americas

What AP Themes are the focus of Ch.25? Theme 2: Development and interaction of culture Element #2: Belief systems, philosophies, and ideologies Theme 3: State-building, expansion, and conflict Element #3: Nations and nationalism Element #5: Regional, transregional, & global structures and organization Theme 4: Creation, expansion, & interaction of econ. systems Element #2: Trade and commerce

I. The Spanish Caribbean A. The indigenous Tainos or Arawaks 1. subjugated by the Spanish to mine gold & silver 2. Brutality & smallpox led to a decrease in the population 3. By early 17th century, the Taino pop. no longer exists. B. The Encomienda system 1. System provided land grants given to Spanish settlers. 2. Tainos forced into labor in exchange for provisions. Thinking Critically: Based on the journal entry, what conclusion can be drawn about European racial ideologies and attitudes toward indigenous peoples in the Americas? The Spanish Caribbean Indigenous peoples were the Taino Lived in small villages under authority of chiefs Showed little resistance to European visitors Columbus built the fort of Santo Domingo, capital of the Spanish Caribbean Taino conscripted to mine gold Encomiendas: land grants to Spanish settlers with total control over local people Brutal abuses plus smallpox brought decline of Taino populations Taino Indians, Dominican Rep., 1500 CE

II. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru A. The Aztecs (Mexico) and Incas (Peru) 1. The empires of Meso & South America were wealthier and more complex than Caribbean societies. B. Hernan Cortes 1. Conquers Aztecs 1519-21 2. Internal strife and disease allow Spanish to defeat these groups. 3. Technology (steel swords, muskets, cannons and horses) gave Spanish the advantage. The Spanish Caribbean Indigenous peoples were the Taino Lived in small villages under authority of chiefs Showed little resistance to European visitors Columbus built the fort of Santo Domingo, capital of the Spanish Caribbean Taino conscripted to mine gold Encomiendas: land grants to Spanish settlers with total control over local people Brutal abuses plus smallpox brought decline of Taino populations C. Francisco Pizarro 1. Conquers Incas 1532-33

II. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru (continued) Europeans Technological advancements The Spanish Caribbean Indigenous peoples were the Taino Lived in small villages under authority of chiefs Showed little resistance to European visitors Columbus built the fort of Santo Domingo, capital of the Spanish Caribbean Taino conscripted to mine gold Encomiendas: land grants to Spanish settlers with total control over local people Brutal abuses plus smallpox brought decline of Taino populations enslavement & subjugation

II. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru (continued) Egyptians Technological advancements The Spanish Caribbean Indigenous peoples were the Taino Lived in small villages under authority of chiefs Showed little resistance to European visitors Columbus built the fort of Santo Domingo, capital of the Spanish Caribbean Taino conscripted to mine gold Encomiendas: land grants to Spanish settlers with total control over local people Brutal abuses plus smallpox brought decline of Taino populations enslavement & subjugation

III. Iberian Empires in the Americas A. Treaty of Tordesillas 1. Divides South America between Spanish and Portuguese rule. B. The Spanish formalize their rule 1. New Spain & New Castile - each governed by viceroys 2. audiencias are set up to check the power of the viceroys 3. urban centers develop as a result of Spanish rule The Spanish Caribbean Indigenous peoples were the Taino Lived in small villages under authority of chiefs Showed little resistance to European visitors Columbus built the fort of Santo Domingo, capital of the Spanish Caribbean Taino conscripted to mine gold Encomiendas: land grants to Spanish settlers with total control over local people Brutal abuses plus smallpox brought decline of Taino populations C. Portuguese establish imperial presence in Brazil.

III. Iberian Empires in the Americas (continued) Audencias allowed the Spanish to maintain a power base in the Americas. How did each of the following individuals/groups accomplish this? Classical Postclassical The Early Modern Period The Mauryan Empire under Ashoka The Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne The Spanish The Roman Empire The Byzantines The Achaemenids of Persia The Spanish Caribbean Indigenous peoples were the Taino Lived in small villages under authority of chiefs Showed little resistance to European visitors Columbus built the fort of Santo Domingo, capital of the Spanish Caribbean Taino conscripted to mine gold Encomiendas: land grants to Spanish settlers with total control over local people Brutal abuses plus smallpox brought decline of Taino populations

2. What common purpose do the encomienda and mita systems share? 1. The production of what cash crop dramatically increased the Portuguese interest in Brazil after 1550? 2. What common purpose do the encomienda and mita systems share? The Spanish Caribbean Indigenous peoples were the Taino Lived in small villages under authority of chiefs Showed little resistance to European visitors Columbus built the fort of Santo Domingo, capital of the Spanish Caribbean Taino conscripted to mine gold Encomiendas: land grants to Spanish settlers with total control over local people Brutal abuses plus smallpox brought decline of Taino populations 3. What is the connection between the reconquista and the encomienda system?

IV. Colonization of North America A. France & England 1. Colonization on east coast, exploration of west coast 2. Migration patterns show more family based settlement. 3. Sought fur, fish, trade routes  early 17th century 4. Suffered from isolation & food shortages Settler colonies in North America Foundation of colonies on east coast, exploration of west coast France and England came seeking fur, fish, trade routes in the early seventeenth century Settlements suffered isolation, food shortages Colonial government different from Iberian colonies North American colonies controlled by private investors with little royal backing Royal authority and royal governors, but also institutions of self-government Jamestown Colony 1607

Colonization Venn Charts Spanish & Portuguese Colonization Both Groups French and English Colonization Male-based migration with strictly econ. motives. Both seeking opportunities Family-based migration with resettlement focus. Royal sponsorship with use of viceroys Royal oversight with private investment Mingled with the natives to create a more intricate hierarchy. Maintain separation of cultures. Used indigenous population as a labor source (encomineda, engenho, mita) Both utilized African slave labor Indentured servants Mining of gold and silver Both cultivated cash crops Profited from the fur trade, tobacco, and fishing Settler colonies in North America Foundation of colonies on east coast, exploration of west coast France and England came seeking fur, fish, trade routes in the early seventeenth century Settlements suffered isolation, food shortages Colonial government different from Iberian colonies North American colonies controlled by private investors with little royal backing Royal authority and royal governors, but also institutions of self-government

Spanish & Portuguese Colonization Both Groups French and English Colonization Migration dominated by males Migration more family-based Caribbean, S. & N. America North America Used as a source of labor (encomienda, mita, engenho) Reliance on the indigenous pop. and eventually the African slave trade As a means of survival, trade Royal sponsorship and use of viceroys Royal oversight with private investment Imposition of power through force. Resettlement was more of a focus. Missionary efforts were more successful Missionary efforts were less successful Integration of groups was common More segregated (us & them) mining agriculture Fur trade, fishing Settler colonies in North America Foundation of colonies on east coast, exploration of west coast France and England came seeking fur, fish, trade routes in the early seventeenth century Settlements suffered isolation, food shortages Colonial government different from Iberian colonies North American colonies controlled by private investors with little royal backing Royal authority and royal governors, but also institutions of self-government

IV. Colonization of North America (continued) B. Relations with indigenous people 1. Settlers interrupt migrations of indigenous peoples. 2. Lands seized & justified with treaties 3. Natives raided farms & villages – lead to reprisals by settlers. 4. 1500 - 1800, native pop. decreases by 90% Relations with indigenous peoples Settlers' farms interrupted the migrations of indigenous peoples Settlers seized lands, then justified with treaties Natives retaliated with raids on farms and villages Attacks on European communities brought reprisals from settlers Between 1500 and 1800, native population of North America dropped 90 percent Colonial Justice

1. Prior to the arrival of the Europeans, the peoples of the Caribbean made their living by doing what? 2. Why did Christian missionaries have greater success at conversion of indigenous peoples of Mexico and Peru, than in the North American colonies? The Spanish Caribbean Indigenous peoples were the Taino Lived in small villages under authority of chiefs Showed little resistance to European visitors Columbus built the fort of Santo Domingo, capital of the Spanish Caribbean Taino conscripted to mine gold Encomiendas: land grants to Spanish settlers with total control over local people Brutal abuses plus smallpox brought decline of Taino populations

Colonization of North America Relations with indigenous peoples Settlers' farms interrupted the migrations of indigenous peoples Settlers seized lands, then justified with treaties Natives retaliated with raids on farms and villages Attacks on European communities brought reprisals from settlers Between 1500 and 1800, native population of North America dropped 90 percent

Colonial Society: S. America Formation of multicultural societies People of varied ancestry lived together under European rule Social hierarchy Iberian colonies: Whites (peninsulares & creoles) Mixed (mestizos & zambos) Africans & natives = bottom mestizo societies emerge Brazil more mixed: mestizos, mulattoes, zambos The formation of multicultural societies In Spanish and Portuguese settlements, mestizo societies emerged Peoples of varied ancestry lived together under European rule Mestizo: the children of Spanish and Portuguese men and native women Society of Brazil more thoroughly mixed: mestizos, mulattoes, zambos Typically the social (and racial) hierarchy in Iberian colonies was as follows: Whites (peninsulares and criollos) owned the land and held the power Mixed races (mestizos and zambos) performed much of the manual labor Africans and natives were at the bottom North American societies Greater gender balance among settlers allowed marriage within their own groups Relationships of French traders and native women generated some métis English disdainful of interracial marriages Cultural borrowing: plants, crops, deerskin clothes

Colonial Society: No. America Greater gender balance among settlers Allowed marriage within own groups Relations with French traders & native women métis (Euro + native) English frowned on interracial marriages Cultural borrowing: plants, crops, deerskin clothes

Spanish Colonial Economy: Mining Silver & gold basis of Spanish wealth Two major sites of silver mining: Zacatecas (Mexico) & Potosi (Peru) Global significance of silver 20% of silver went to royal treasury (the quinto) Funded military & bureaucracy Went to European, then to Asian markets for luxury goods Mining and agriculture in the Spanish empire Silver more plentiful than gold, the basis of Spanish New World wealth Conquistadores melted Aztec and Inca gold artifacts into ingots Two major sites of silver mining: Zacatecas (Mexico) and Potosi (Peru) The global significance of silver One-fifth of all silver mined went to royal Spanish treasury (the quinto) Paid for Spanish military and bureaucracy Passed on to European and then to Asian markets for luxury trade goods Potosi Silver Mine

Spanish Colonial Economy: Agriculture Haciendas  basis of Spanish Am. production Produced foodstuffs for local use Encomienda  repartimiento Encomienda system seen as abusive Repartimiento replaces conscript & slave with contract labor free laborers by mid-17th century Native Resistance Rebellion, indolence, retreat Difficult to register complaints Large private estates, or haciendas, were the basis of Spanish American production Produced foodstuffs for local production Abusive encomienda system replaced by the repartimiento system Repartimiento system replaced by free laborers by the mid-seventeenth century Resistance to Spanish rule by indigenous people Various forms of resistance: rebellion, indolence, retreat Difficult for natives to register complaints: Poma de Ayala's attempt

Portuguese Colonial Economy Sugar and slavery in Brazil Dependent on sugar production Brazilian life revolved around the sugar mill, or engenho Combined agricultural & industrial enterprises Sugar planters landed nobility Sugar and slavery in Portuguese Brazil The Portuguese empire in Brazil dependent on sugar production Colonial Brazilian life revolved around the sugar mill, or engenho Engenho combined agricultural and industrial enterprises Sugar planters became the landed nobility Brazilian Sugar Plantation

Portuguese Colonial Economy Growth of slavery in Brazil Natives were not cultivators resisted farm labor Disease  indigenous pop. Imported African slaves for cane & sugar production after 1530 deaths  births  demand for slaves 1 ton of sugar = 1 human life Growth of slavery in Brazil Native peoples of Brazil were not cultivators; they resisted farm labor Smallpox and measles reduced indigenous population Imported African slaves for cane and sugar production after 1530 High death rate and low birth rate fed constant demand for more slaves Roughly, every ton of sugar cost one human life Slaves Harvesting Sugarcane

North Am. Colonial Economy Fur traders Fur trade extremely profitable Natives trapped for & traded with Europeans Impact of fur trade Environmental conflicts among natives competing for resources Fur traders and settlers in North America The fur trade was very profitable Native peoples trapped for and traded with Europeans Impact of the fur trade Environmental impact Conflicts among natives competing for resources Fur Traders

North Am. Colonial Economy European settlers threatened natives Cash crops--tobacco, rice, indigo, & cotton Indentured labor in 17th & 18th centuries Replaced by Slaves in late 17th century New England merchants participated in slave trade, distillation of rum European settler-cultivators posed more serious threat to native societies Cultivation of cash crops--tobacco, rice, indigo, and later, cotton Indentured labor flocked to North America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries African slaves replaced indentured servants in the late seventeenth century Slave labor not yet prominent in North America (lack of labor-intensive crops) New England merchants participated in slave trade, distillation of rum Tobacco Plantation

Colonial Religion: Christianity Spanish missionaries Est. mission schools & churches Some record native languages & traditions Attracted many proselytes French & English missionaries English not interested in native conversion French moderate success Christianity and native religions in the Americas Spanish missionaries introduced Catholicism Mission schools and churches established Some missionaries recorded the languages and traditions of native peoples Native religions survived but the Catholic Church attracted many converts In 1531, the Virgin of Guadalupe became a national symbol French and English missions less successful North American populations not settled or captive English colonists had little interest in converting indigenous peoples French missionaries worked actively, but met only modest success Indians @ Mission Ventura

The Pacific: Australia British captain James Cook explored east Australia in 1770 1788, England est. 1st settlement in Australia as a penal colony Free settlers outnumbered convicted criminal migrants after 1830s Europeans in the Pacific Australia and the larger world Dutch mariners explored west Australia in the seventeenth century No spices, no farmland Australia held little interest until the eighteenth century British captain James Cook explored east Australia in 1770 In 1788, England established first settlement in Australia as a penal colony Free settlers outnumbered convicted criminal migrants after 1830s Penal Colony: Australia

The Pacific Islands Spanish voyages after Magellan Acapulco to Manila Indigenous Chamorro resisted decimated by smallpox Impact: Occasional skirmishes Whalers regularly visited after 18th century Missionaries, merchants, and planters follow The Pacific Islands and the larger world Spanish voyages in the Pacific after Magellan Regular voyages from Acapulco to Manila on the trade winds Spanish mariners visited Pacific Islands; some interest in Guam and the Marianas Indigenous Chamorro population resisted but decimated by smallpox Impact on Pacific islanders of regular visitors and trade Occasional misunderstandings and skirmishes Whalers were regular visitors after the eighteenth century Missionaries, merchants, and planters followed Chamorro Church Villiage

Politics within the Iberian Empires Colonial American society European-style society in cities indigenous culture persisted in rural areas More exploitation than settlement Still, many Iberians settled btw. 1500-1800 Colonial American society European-style society in cities, indigenous culture persisted in rural areas More exploitation of New World than settlement Still, many Iberian migrants settled in the Americas, 1500-1800 Colonization—Spanish Style