1. New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania
Chapter 24

2. Intro: Colliding Worlds
European advantages: technology, divisions among indigenous peoples, epidemic diseases
Spanish conquer Aztec and Inca Empires
Portugal’s sugar plantations in Brazil
French, English, and Dutch settler colonies

3. The Spanish Caribbean
Taino: manioc farmers, small villages with chiefs, met Columbus (trade, little resistance)
Spanish arrival: Hispaniola (Santo Domingo) as base, nothing to trade, wanted gold
Encomienda system: gold mines
Small pox ravaged Taino population
By mid-1500s, focus shifted to Mexico and Peru for silver
English pirates, then (1640s), French, English, Dutch plantations (enslaved Africans)

4. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru
Early 1500s: conquistadors in Mexico, then Central and South America
: Cortes defeated Aztecs (invasion, then siege of Tenochtitlan)
: Pizarro defeated Incas
Advantages: weapons and horses, support of imperial enemies, epidemic disease
Looted, gave land and labor rights to their men

5. Iberian Empires in the Americas
By 1570: formal Spanish rule (bureaucrats)
Mexico City, New Spain (Mexico) and Lima, New Castile (Peru)
Each had a viceroy responsible to the king (little control) and audiencias to keep them in check
Difficult to govern without communication and transportation systems -> local areas governed by audiencias or town councils
New cities: as migrants increased, bureaucracy and territory increased

6. Iberian Empires (cont.)
Portuguese Brazil: 1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas (divided Atlantic between Spain and Portugal)
Early, land grants to nobles to develop and colonize -> sugar plantations
Later, governor to oversee and implement royal policy
Iberian Empires: European-style cities, indigenous lifeways persisted in rural areas
Spain and Portugal: focus on exploitation and administration (not settlement and colonization – but there were many migrants)

7. Settler Colonies in North America
1500s: Spain sought opportunities in north (towns, forts, missions)
Mid-1500s: Dutch, French, and English in mid-Atlantic (fish and NW passage)
Early 1600s: colonies (difficult life), funded by private investors, subject to royal authority, governed by local assemblies
Natives didn’t “own” land, so they cleared it and used it (legitimized with treaties, and progress)
Some clashes with natives; pop decreased due to diseases and conflict

8. Intro: Colonial Societies in the Americas
Relations between Natives, Europeans, and Africans -> mixed societies and ethnic groups
But, Europeans dominated political and economic affairs (mining, cash crop farming, trapping)

9. Formation of Multicultural Societies
Lots of mixing between European men and native women -> mestizo population
Europeans + Africans = mulattoes
Natives + Africans = zambas (Brazil = more diverse than Spanish areas)
Social Hierarchy: Euro. migrants = peninsulares, American-born = criollos, mestizos, mulattoes and zambas, slaves
Sexual hierarchy: men dominated women, but depended on ratio of men to women, local economy, life stage, race and class

10. North American Societies
French and English colonies: more women (-> less ethnic mixing)
But, French men sometimes mixed with native women around trading posts
Very little in English colonies (due to racism); did not accept or acknowledge people of mixed parentage

11. Mining and Agriculture in the Spanish Empire
Silver:
northern Mexico (Zacatecas): used indigenous, voluntary labor
Central Andes (Potosi): voluntary labor and mita (each native village had to send 1/7 of male pop. To work for 4 months in the mines) – low wages, bad conditions
Supported Spanish American economy and stimulated global economy (European markets, traded to Asia for luxury goods, Manila galleons)

12. The Hacienda Site of agriculture and craft production in New Spain
Labor: first – encomienda, after 1550s – less labor, more tribute required, later – debt peonage
Resistance: rebellion, feet-dragging, retreat

13. Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil
Portugal focused on sugar production and export
Instead of indigenous labor (resisted/retreated/ died), 1530s - enslaved Africans
Poor conditions -> high disease and mortality rate -> constant demand
Sugar requires lots of work to make (agri/indust)

14. Fur Traders in N. America
Fur was very lucrative – high demand in Europe
Made way into interior and set up trading posts (natives trapped, Europeans traded wool blankets, iron pots, guns, alcohol)
Competition, demand, declining beaver pop. -> conflict (between native groups and between Europeans)

15. Settlers in North America
Bigger threat to native lifeways – displaced populations, took hunting grounds
Cash crops (tobacco; later – rice, indigo, cotton) plantations
Labor: at first - indentured servants from Europe, early 1600s – African indentured servants, late 1600s – slaves (esp. in South, but the north was involved in slave trade)

16. Christianity and Native Religions in the Americas
Spanish missionaries: Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits represented the crown
Tried to convert: learned languages, history, etc.
Some resistance, but many converted, but incorporated their own interests and needs
In Mexico, Virgin of Guadalupe became popular national symbol
French and English missionaries: difficult (nomadic) and English Prot weren’t really interested (French Cath – some success)

17. Intro: Europeans in the Pacific
Later than in Americas, but similar transformations (esp. epidemic disease)
16th-18th centuries: exploration
Late 18th century: permanent settlements
19th-20th centuries: intense interaction

18. Australia and the Larger World
Early 1600s: Dutch VOC authorized exploration but found nothing of interest
Mid-1600s: scouted coasts -> New Holland
Brief landfalls and encounters with locals
1770: Cook visited and determined Botany Bay was suitable for settlement
1778: British penal colony at Sydney, plus free settlers; little contact with aboriginal people

19. The Pacific Islands and the Larger World
Mostly, no big changes until 19th and 20th centuries: limited visiting and trading (French – Tahiti, English – Cook in Hawaii)
Exceptions: Guam and Mariana Islands
Marianas: 1521, Magellan and 1565, Manila galleons -> contact, brief visits
Guam: 16th century, galleons took on provisions and traded with Chamorro ; 1670s-80s, Spain consolidated power, under viceroy of New Spain; 1700, Spanish garrisons and relocation of natives