1. Interact: Ch 19 Outline Chapter 19
Latin America,
Chapter 19

2. Spanish & Portuguese Context
Iberia shaped by frontier experience
Dominated by lawyer bureaucracy & Catholic Church
Introduction to Americas
Treaty of Tordesillas
Unlike others, New World conquered - forming new culture

3. Conquest: 1492-1570 Caribbean Test Ground
From initial efforts at government & wealth
Spanish legalism
Encomienda
To colonial backwater

4. Spanish American mainland
Brazil
Portugal slow to colonize Brazil
Spanish American mainland
Conquest eased by weapons, disease, & Aztec/Inca political problems
Conquest forged by greed of humble men in search of nobility

5. Spanish American mainland (cont)
Aztecs & Cortes = New Spain
Incas & Pizarro = Peru

6. Destruction & Transformation
Disease decimated native societies
Spain exploited indigenous people
Adopting customs when useful
Using encomienda labor
Mixing racially
Debate about nature of natives
Bartolome de Las Casas

7. Colonization: 1570-1700 Brazil 1st great plantation colony
Sugar labor was difficult - fulfilled by African slaves
Dependent on Portugal
Brazil integrated w/ Portuguese government
Hierarchy based on race

8. Spanish America Agriculture
Colonization meant influx of women, priests, & government
Agriculture
Agrarian society increasingly based on mita, wage labor, & land-ownership

9. Spanish Caribbean
Adopted much of Brazil’s plantation system

10. Mining Massive silver mines heart of colonial econ
Labor system evolved with colonial development
Supported gov’t & all other industries
Used fleet system to trade silver to China

11. State & Church King Council of Indies Viceroy of New Spain
Viceroy of Peru
Provincial court
administrators
Local Bureaucrats

12. State & Church Church dominated social service functions of gov’t
Education & intellectual life
Frontiers largely governed by Jesuit missions
Christianity blended w/ Amerindian & African traditions in Latin America

13. Society of Racial Castes
Whites:
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mixed Heritage:
Mestizos
Mulattos
American Indians:
Africans:

14. Reform:
Spain & Portugal weakened by debt & war began losing American monopoly
Caribbean mirrored Brazil under Dutch & English
Enlightenment ideas & Iberian decline force change

15. Brazil & Reforms Gold rush made Portugal dependent on England
Reforms disrupted Jesuits’ patterns of influence
Diversified Brazil’s economy laying seed of independence

16. Spanish America & Reforms
Reforms centered on restoring royal control & economic efficiency
Politically disrupted patterns of influence:
Jesuits
Creoles
Economically developed new areas

17. Impact of Reforms
Population growth & activist gov created social unrest
Ethnic divisions undercut revolution

18. North America Colonies largely ignored due to low profitability
Resulting loose control led to:
Independent assemblies
Emerging commerce & manufacturing
Settlers attempt to recreate European society
Less impacted by native & African culture

19. End of Slave Trade Resistance to slavery grew more common
Slaves & maroon societies
Abolition of slave trade motivated by Enlightenment & Christian revival
1807: slave trade abolished
1888: world slavery abolished

20. Global Connections Americas emerge as globally significant
Colonies more diverse & complex than seem

21. Interact: Ch 19 Outline
Question
What are the similarities and differences between Spanish America and Brazil?