1. New Worlds America and Oceania

2. Beginnings: Dona Marina- sold into slavery by her family and became an interpreter for Hernan Cortez and later became his wife. Hernan Cortez- Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs Mestizo- Spanish and indigenous mix of peoples

3. Europeans… Brought disease which devastated the natives Powerful military, horses, and ships Began heavy mining and agricultural ventures Put natives to work and brought in reinforcements

4. Spanish Caribbean First site of interaction Met the Tainos Created Hispaniola as the base of operations Established Santo Domingo as the capital Settlers came in to mine gold Recruited labor through encomienda Social disruption led to bringing of African slaves

5. Conquest of Mexico Hernan Cortes began a search for gold. Seized Motecuzoma II. Aztecs fought back Cortes created a small fleet of ships and put Tenochitlan under seige In 1521 he starved the people to surrender He moved across Mexico conquering through disease, battle, and logistic support of others

6. ….and Peru Francisco Pizarro takes the stage in Peru Right place, right time Lies take you places…. Atahualpa the Incan leader gave lots of gold to Pizarro, but was strangled and decapitated for his gift. Viceroys established Creates new capital at Lima

7. Iberian empires Created two centers of authority New Spain- Mexico New Castile- Peru Each was governed by a viceroy Created audiencias to handle disputes Forged ahead in discovery- St. Augustine Created the Treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal- Pero Alvares Cabra – Brazil Really wanted to exploit not settle

8. North America settlement French, English, and Dutch settlements Pushed Spanards from Florida Early 17thc- permanent colonies established Port Royal- 1604 Quebec-1608 Jamestown- 1607 Massachussets Bay- 1630 New Amsterdam- 1623

9. Settler colonies Relied heavily on provisions from Europe Indigenous peoples helped also Private investors helped colonist and financed expeditions to America Seven Years War 1763- France/British battle Relationship with natives forced them inland because of their acquisition of land Battles- 1622- 1/3 settlers killed by natives at Chesapeake region

10. Multicultural societies established Mestizo established in Mexico Mulattos and Zambos in Brazil Mixed society prevalant in Brazil Peninsulares- migrants born in Europe Criolles- born in America Metis- French and native peoples Less common mixing in English North American colonies-led to racism against natives and Africans

11. Money, Money, Money Spanish melted precious metals of Aztec kingdom Began mining with help of Zacatecas at Potosi Recruited laborers for service Silver most precious metal Quinto-1/5 given to Spanish crown Traded for silk, spices, porcelain in Asia Silver stimulated the world economy

12. Farming, stock raising and craft production Created haciendas Repartimeiento- compelled native communities to supply laboreres Treatment was ugly A record of native treatment was given to Spain Natives ran inland in retreat Led way for the need of African natives

13. Sugar slavery Portuguese nobles established sugar plantations throughout Brazil Used mainly Africans for laborers Engenho- sugar mills- combined agricultural and industrial enterprises One of the most complex business enterprises in America Slaves were mistreated and owners lost 5 – 10% annually

14. Slavery continues Motivated by profit Government gave little incentive to change conditions Every ton of sugar cost one human life

15. Fur trade Effective trade in Canada Natives trapped animals in exchange for wool blankets, iron pots, firearms, and distilled spirits Fur used in European markets for beaver skin hats and fur clothing War created as natives land was taken over by trappers

16. Cash Crops in early U.S. Tobacco, rice, indigo Great need for cheap labor Began with Indentured servants from Europe 1610- first African slaves By 1750 over 300,000 slaves Not in Northern colonies but they profited from the use through their rum distillation

17. Christianity Spanish missionaries spread religion through Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits Natives accepted but still kept traditional ideas as well. Natives looked to missionaries for spiritual guidance. Mixed ideas Virgin of Guadalupe Little spread with (U.S.) natives

18. Oceania Also issues with disease depopulation Terra australis incognita- belief in a southern land Dutch- Jan Carstenzs- New Holland James Cook- found south end of Australia 1788- English created a penal colony Ferdinand Magellan created a trade route through Manilla and Acapulco Some whalers found home here.