1. Chapter 25

3. Treaty of Tordesillas

4. European Empires in New World

5. Virgin of Guadalupe

6. New France Location: Eastern Canada and much of midwest U.S. Location: Eastern Canada and much of midwest U.S. Reasons for establishment: Christian missionaries and fur trading posts Reasons for establishment: Christian missionaries and fur trading posts

7. New Netherland Location: Upper east coast of U.S. Location: Upper east coast of U.S. Reasons for establishment: Fur trading post Reasons for establishment: Fur trading post

8. Massachusetts Bay Location: Upper east coast of U.S. Location: Upper east coast of U.S. Reasons for establishment: Religious refuge Reasons for establishment: Religious refuge

9. New France France’s colonial empire in North America France’s colonial empire in North America Based around Jacques Cartier’s discovery of Montreal Based around Jacques Cartier’s discovery of Montreal Later Samuel de Champlain sailed further up the St. Lawrence River and discovered Quebec Later Samuel de Champlain sailed further up the St. Lawrence River and discovered Quebec 1673 – Priest Jacques Marquette and trader Louis Joliet explored the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi River 1673 – Priest Jacques Marquette and trader Louis Joliet explored the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi River LaSalle explored the lower Mississippi – named it “Louisiana” in honor of French King Louis XIV LaSalle explored the lower Mississippi – named it “Louisiana” in honor of French King Louis XIV

11. English North America Jamestown: First permanent English settlement in North America – 1607. Founded on charter from King James of England Jamestown: First permanent English settlement in North America – 1607. Founded on charter from King James of England Pilgrims: Founded second English colony at Plymouth in Massachusetts – sought religious freedom from Church of England Pilgrims: Founded second English colony at Plymouth in Massachusetts – sought religious freedom from Church of England

12. French and Indian War Fought over control of the fur trade in North America Fought over control of the fur trade in North America Part of larger global conflict: Seven Years War Part of larger global conflict: Seven Years War France vs. Britain (with their Indian allies) France vs. Britain (with their Indian allies) Britain wins the war – giving them control of much of eastern North America Britain wins the war – giving them control of much of eastern North America

13. The African Slave trade The buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas The buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas The Triangular Trade exchanged… The Triangular Trade exchanged… –Manufactured goods to Africa in exchange for slaves. Slaves were taken to the West Indies where merchants bought sugar, coffee and tobacco. These products were then sold in Europe –Also, it involved rum from New England – sold to Africa – in exchange for slaves – taken to the West Indies – sold for sugar and molasses – which was taken to New England to make rum.

14. Triangular Trade

15. Impact of the Slave Trade Africa – loss of significant population; increase in civil war; families torn; culture lost Africa – loss of significant population; increase in civil war; families torn; culture lost Americas – big labor supply; expertise in farming techniques; introduction of African culture; mixed races Americas – big labor supply; expertise in farming techniques; introduction of African culture; mixed races

16. Why were Colonies important? Mercantilism in Europe drove nations to acquire colonies in order to obtain wealth. Mercantilism in Europe drove nations to acquire colonies in order to obtain wealth. Colonies provided raw materials, precious metals, and markets for European goods Colonies provided raw materials, precious metals, and markets for European goods This leads to a “favorable balance of trade” for nations who have colonies This leads to a “favorable balance of trade” for nations who have colonies

17. Columbian Exchange The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals (and diseases) during colonization The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals (and diseases) during colonization

19. The Social Hierarchy in New Spain Race-based hierarchy Race-based hierarchy Top: peninsulares, i.e. migrants from Iberian peninsula Top: peninsulares, i.e. migrants from Iberian peninsula Criollos (creoles), i.e. children of migrants Criollos (creoles), i.e. children of migrants Mestizos, mulattoes, zambos, other combinations of parentage Mestizos, mulattoes, zambos, other combinations of parentage Bottom: slaves, conquered peoples Bottom: slaves, conquered peoples

20. North American Societies Higher ratio of French, English female migrants than in South America Higher ratio of French, English female migrants than in South America Higher social stigma attached to relationships with natives, African slaves Higher social stigma attached to relationships with natives, African slaves Fur traders have relationships with North American native women Fur traders have relationships with North American native women –Children: métis

21. Manila Galleons Highlights the global economy in the Pacific Ocean Highlights the global economy in the Pacific Ocean Spanish ships (big) carry heavy cargo between Manila, Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico Spanish ships (big) carry heavy cargo between Manila, Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico Mexican silver traded for Asian luxury goods Mexican silver traded for Asian luxury goods

22. Short Answer Questions 1. How did exploration and exchanges of the 16 th and 17 th centuries help lead to the creation of new social classes in the Americas? Be sure to cite and explain the new social classes. 2. What were the major differences between Native-European interactions North America vs. Native-European interactions in Middle and South America? What accounted for these differences? 3. How was the global economy impacted by New World discoveries in the 16 th and 17 th centuries? Cite at least three examples of how the world economic order changed as a result of new discoveries. 4. Describe the demographic and environmental effects of interaction. Use specific examples to detail what changes took place and why they occurred.