Introduction to the Structural Units Chapter 1 Introduction to the Structural Units

Anatomy and Physiology Shape and structure of an organism’s body and the relationship of one body part to another Physiology Function of each body part and how the functions of various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism

Branches of Anatomy Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy Developmental anatomy Comparative anatomy Systematic anatomy

Terms for Location or Position and Direction Anterior or ventral Front or in front of Posterior or dorsal Back or in back of Cephalic and caudal Toward the “head end” or “tail end” Superior and inferior Above or below another

Terms for Location or Position and Direction © 2014 Cengage Learning.

Terms for Location or Position and Direction Medial and lateral Toward or away from the midline Proximal and distal Toward or away from the point of attachment or origin Superficial/external and internal On or near the surface or deep inside

Terms for Location or Position and Direction © 2014 Cengage Learning.

Caudal Distal Proximal Which term means “towards the tail end?” Checkpoint Questions Which term means “towards the tail end?” What is another word for “posterior?” What does the term means “towards the point of attachment? Caudal Distal Proximal

Body Planes and Sections Sagittal plane Right and left parts Midsagittal plane Equal right and left parts Coronal (frontal) plane Vertical at right angles to the sagittal plane Transverse or cross section Horizontal; divides body into upper and lower parts

Body Planes and Sections

Body Cavities Dorsal cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Brain and spinal cord Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity

Body Cavities © 2014 Cengage Learning.

Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions Epigastric region (upper) Just below sternum Right and left hypochondriac Just below ribs Umbilical (middle) Located around the navel

Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions Right and left lumbar Extend from anterior to posterior Hypogastric (lower) Pubic area Right and left iliac Also called right and left inguinal areas

Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions © 2014 Cengage Learning.

Smaller Cavities Orbital cavity Nasal cavity Buccal cavity Eyes, eyeball muscles, optic nerves, and lacrimal (tear) ducts Nasal cavity Parts that form the nose Buccal cavity Teeth and tongue

Nasal Cavity Right and left hypochondriac Checkpoint Questions 1. What is the cavity that forms part of the nose? 2. What are the terms that mean “just below the ribs?” 3. What is the difference between the midsagittal and sagittal planes? Nasal Cavity Right and left hypochondriac Sagittal – separates body into right and left parts Midsagittal – separates body into EQUAL right and left parts

Life Functions Living organisms may be unicellular organisms or multi-celled organisms. They include humans, plants, animals, etc. All living organisms are capable of carrying on life functions.

Life Functions These functions allow living organisms to live, grow, and maintain themselves.

Life Functions Movement Ingestion Digestion Muscle system Digestive system Digestion

Life Functions Transport Respiration Synthesis Circulatory system Respiratory system Synthesis Digestive system

Life Functions Assimilation Growth Secretion Digestive system Skeletal system Secretion Endocrine system

Life Functions Excretion Regulation (sensitivity) Reproduction Urinary system Regulation (sensitivity) Nervous system Reproduction Reproductive system

Human Development Cells  Tissues Organs Organ system  Organism!

Body Processes Metabolism Functional activities of the cell that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions Anabolism Building up Catabolism Breaking down

Homeostasis Ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits Essential to survival Works on a negative feedback system

Metric System Measurements for length, weight, and volume A decimal system Based on the power of ten Uses prefixes such as centi-, milli-, and micro-

Metric System Lengths measured in meters Weights measured in grams Volumes measured in liters

Catabolism – breaking down Anabolism – building up Checkpoint Questions 1. What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? 2. Excretion involves which body system? 3. Weight is measured in what using the metric system? Catabolism – breaking down Anabolism – building up Urinary System Grams