1. Unit 1I

2. Directional terminology Superior: above ex heart is superior to toe Superior: above ex heart is superior to toe Inferior: below Inferior: below Anterior: front chest side ex the naval is anterior to the spinal cord Anterior: front chest side ex the naval is anterior to the spinal cord Posterior: back or butt side Posterior: back or butt side Medial: toward the midline Medial: toward the midline Lateral: away from the midline ex the arms are lateral to the naval Lateral: away from the midline ex the arms are lateral to the naval Intermediate: between Intermediate: between

3. Dorsal: backside Dorsal: backside Ventral: belly side Ventral: belly side Proximal: nearest the point of attachment Proximal: nearest the point of attachment Distal: further from the point of attachment Distal: further from the point of attachment Superficial: toward the surface Superficial: toward the surface Deep: away from the surface ex. The lungs are deep to the sternum Deep: away from the surface ex. The lungs are deep to the sternum

5. Body Planes: Sagittal: perpendicular to the ground Sagittal: perpendicular to the ground Midsagittal: cuts body into 2 equal planes (halves0 Midsagittal: cuts body into 2 equal planes (halves0 Frontal (coronal): divides body into anterior and posterior Frontal (coronal): divides body into anterior and posterior Transverse ( horizontal, or cross section): divdies body into superior and inferior Transverse ( horizontal, or cross section): divdies body into superior and inferior

8. Anatomic terms vary depending on if you are referring to bipedal or Quadra pedal organisms : remember you are using the terms as they relate to humans not 4 legged animals

9. Regional Terms ½ of your test will come from these ½ of your test will come from these Refer to your textbook for the illustrated page and terms Refer to your textbook for the illustrated page and terms Human A&P 7 th edition page 14 Human A&P 7 th edition page 14 Note: Diagrams similar to those used in this power point can be found in chapter 1 of you’re A&P book Note: Diagrams similar to those used in this power point can be found in chapter 1 of you’re A&P book

13. $ body quadrants

15. Body cavities

17. Prefixes and suffixes Refer to the handout for a list of prefixes and suffixes that will be useful in anatomy class Refer to the handout for a list of prefixes and suffixes that will be useful in anatomy class These will also be on test 1 These will also be on test 1

18. Anatomy: the study of the structure or shapes of body parts and the interrelationships among the structures Anatomy: the study of the structure or shapes of body parts and the interrelationships among the structures Aristotle(400 BC): Father of anatomy Aristotle(400 BC): Father of anatomy Physiology: the study of the function of body parts Physiology: the study of the function of body parts William Harvey : (17 th century) considered the father of physiology William Harvey : (17 th century) considered the father of physiology

19. Levels of Organization Chemical level: simplest level, includes atoms and combination of atoms Chemical level: simplest level, includes atoms and combination of atoms Cellular: cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism Cellular: cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism Tissue: group of similar cells and their intercellular material which work together to carry out a specific function (ex skin) Tissue: group of similar cells and their intercellular material which work together to carry out a specific function (ex skin)

20. Levels of Organization Organ level: structure with definite form and function, composed of 2 or more tissue types which work together to perform a function ( ex heart, eyes) Organ level: structure with definite form and function, composed of 2 or more tissue types which work together to perform a function ( ex heart, eyes) System level: an association of organs which work together to accomplish some common purpose System level: an association of organs which work together to accomplish some common purpose

22. There are 12 principal systems of the human body: 1. Integumentary system: skin, hair nails 2. Skeletal system: bones 3. Muscular system 4. Nervous system: brain, nerves, spinal cord 5. Endocrine system: most glands of body

23. 6. Cardiovascular system: heart blood, blood vessels 7. Digestive system 8. Urinary system 9. Respiratory system 10. Reproductive system 11. Immune system: lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus 12. Lymphatic system: lymph nodes and vessels

25. 6. Organ system: the living organism

26. Characteristics which distinguish the living from the nonliving 1. metabolism: sum of all chemical processes in the body 1. metabolism: sum of all chemical processes in the body 2 types: 2 types: A. catabolism: reaction s that break down large molecules releasing energy A. catabolism: reaction s that break down large molecules releasing energy B. Anabolism: reactions that build up large molecules form smaller by consuming energy B. Anabolism: reactions that build up large molecules form smaller by consuming energy

27. 2. Responsiveness ( irritability): ability to sense and adjust to environmental changes 3. Movement: 4. Growth: in size/ number of cells 5. Reproduction: of new cells or new individuals ( sexual or asexual)

28. 6. Maintenance of boundaries: Internal environment is different from the external one Internal environment is different from the external one Homeostasis: ( Walter Cannon 1934): maintenance of a constant internal environment, even if external environment changes ( ex temp = 37C blood pH = 7.4) Homeostasis: ( Walter Cannon 1934): maintenance of a constant internal environment, even if external environment changes ( ex temp = 37C blood pH = 7.4)

29. Homeostatic mechanisms Self regulating mechanisms which maintain homeostasis Self regulating mechanisms which maintain homeostasis 2 Types; 2 Types; 1. Positive feedback: change in one direction, rarely found, ex blood clotting, labor contractions 2. Negative feedback: causes changes in direction followed by a mechanism of adjustment ex blood sugar increase, pancreas secretes insulin This is how most homeostatic mechanism are This is how most homeostatic mechanism are