Outline for 10/3: Weapons of Mass Destruction Considerations in acquiring WMDs US nuclear force policy ABM Treaty Various WMD regimes with a focus on the NPT Proliferation in Iran

Multiple Choice Examples Dates Ex. The Cuban Missile Crisis took place in what year? A) 1962 B) 1964 C) 1966 D) 1968 Acronyms are fair game if embedded within a term/definition or used on an overhead Ex. Which of the following acronyms does not refer directly to an arms control agreement? A) NPT B) CTBT C) ICBM D) ABM

Decisions re: Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) 1. Offensive or defensive intentions WMDs may be useful for deterrence, much less useful for offensive operations 2. Cost Nukes are very costly to develop, although less costly to maintain. Chemical and biological weapons (CBWs) are less costly to develop.

List of countries that either currently have, have had or are suspected of having WMD programs of some type Albania Algeria Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Chile China Cuba Ethiopia Egypt France India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Kazakhstan Laos Libya Myanmar North Korea Pakistan Romania Russia Serbia South Africa South Korea Sudan Syria Taiwan Thailand Ukraine Vietnam United Kingdom United States From this list, can you identify the 9 countries with nuclear weapons?

US Nuclear Force Policy 1. Massive Retaliationlate 1940s NATO conventional forces outnumbered by Warsaw Pact Strategic Nuclear Triad ICBMs SLBMs Strategic Bombers Lost credibility when USSR achieved nuclear parity with USA in 1950s 2. Flexible Responseearly 1960s What is the US nuclear force policy now that the Cold War is over? Strategic Nuclear Weapons Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Tactical/Battlefield Nuclear Weapons Conventional Forces Strategic Nuclear Weapons Conventional Forces

Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty Signed in 1972 by the USA and the USSR Did not ban ballistic missiles Instead it banned the future deployment of a ballistic missile shield Logic?

Strong Norms against the Possession and Use of WMDs Biological Weapons Convention 1972 Prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, and use of BWs. Signed by more than 170 countries, but lacks any formal verification regime Chemical Weapons Convention 1992 Prohibits use and production of CWs, and calls for the destruction of existing CWs. Only 7 countries have not signed: Angola, Burma, Egypt, Israel, North Korea, Somalia, Syria. Administered by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) To what extent have these international agreements been effective?

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 1968 Built around 3 pillars 1. non-proliferation by non-nuclear countries 2. disarmament by existing nuclear power (USA, USSR, France, UK, and China) 3. the right to peacefully use nuclear technology (i.e. nuclear energy) Administered by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) But does the NPT actually work? The case for no: Iran, Israel, India, Pakistan, and North Korea The case for yes: Libya, South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, Ukraine, Kazakstan, and Belarus

Nuclear Proliferation in Iran What is Iran’s status in terms of the NPT? What is the current status of Iranian nuclear program? Why might Iran want nuclear weapons?

Nuclear Proliferation in North Korea What is NK’s status in terms of the NPT? What is the current status of NK’s nuclear program? What does NK want in exchange for ending its nuclear weapons program