1. Arms Control and Disarmament Prof
Arms Control and Disarmament Prof. Philip Yang National Taiwan University
2018/11/10

2. Controlling the Instruments of War
Disarmament and arms control are often linked but are not synonymous.
Disarmament means a reduction in the means to engage in war.
Arms control involves mutual restraint and enhancing stability through the regulation of both the qualitative and quantitative dimensions of arms competition.
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3. The history of disarmament
1817, under the terms of the Rush-Bagot treaty, Great Britain and the Unite States agreed to the demilitarization of the Great Lakes, an important step in the attitude of friendly confidence that has pervaded most U.S.-Canadian-British relations for 150 years.
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4. 1967 Outer Space Treaty: nukes banned from Outer Space
1959 Antarctic treaty: banned deployment of nuclear weapons in Antarctica, 18 states parties, including US and SU
1963 Limited test ban treaty: no tests in space, under water, or in atmosphere
1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco (Mexico): nukes banned from Latin America, except peaceful nuclear research, first attempt to establish NWFZ (nuclear weapon-free zone)
1967 Outer Space Treaty: nukes banned from Outer Space
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5. Nuclear Weapon
The first fission weapons ("atomic bombs") were developed in the United States during World War II in what was called the Manhattan Project, two were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.
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6. Fat Man
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7. Nuclear Fireball, U.S.
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8. Nuclear Arms Race
The nuclear arms race was a competition for supremacy in nuclear weapons between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies during the Cold War.
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9. Nuclear Deterrence Balance of Terror MAD: Mutually Assured Destruction
First Strike and Second Strike
Cuba Missile Crisis
Reagan and Star Wars
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10. U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945-2006

11. B-52 (U.S.) and Agni II (India)
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12. States with Nuclear Weapon
Country
Warheads Active/Total
Year of first test
United States
5,735/9,960
1945
Russia
5,830/16,000
1949
United Kingdom
200
1952
France
350
1960
PRC
130
1964
India
70-120
1974
Pakistan
30-52
1998
North Korea
1-10
2006
Israel
75-200 NA
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13. NPT
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is an international treaty, opened for signature on July 1, 1968.
There are 190 states party to the treaty. Only five states are not – India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea (withdrew), Taiwan.
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14. Three Pillars of NPT 1. Non Proliferation 2. Disarmament
3. Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy
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15. First pillar: non-proliferation
Five NWS agree not to transfer "nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices" and "not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce" a non-nuclear weapon state (NNWS) to acquire nuclear weapons (Article I).
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16. NNWS parties to the NPT agree not to "receive," "manufacture" or "acquire" nuclear weapons or to "seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons" (Article II).
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17. NNWS parties also agree to accept safeguards by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to verify that they are not diverting nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices (Article III).
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18. Second Pillar: Disarmament
Article VI asks all State Parties "to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control."
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19. Third Pillar: Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy
The treaty recognizes the inalienable right of sovereign states to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, but restricts this right for NPT parties to be exercised "in conformity with Articles I and II"
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20. IAEA and Safeguards
To further the goal of non-proliferation and as a confidence-building measure between States parties, the Treaty establishes a safeguards system under the responsibility of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
Safeguards are used to verify compliance with the Treaty through inspections conducted by the IAEA.
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21. 1996 CTBT 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
No any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion
Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Organization, CTBTO (International Monitoring System, on-site inspection)
Will not enter into force until 44 states ratify.
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22. Nuclear-Free Zone (NFZ)
1959 The Antarctic Treaty
1967 Outer Space Treaty
1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco
1985 South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty
1991 Treaty of Pelindaba (Africa)
1997 Treaty of Bangkok (ASEAN)
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23. 1972 Biological Weapons Convention
The BWC bans 1) the development, stockpiling, acquisition, retention, and production of a) biological agents and toxins, b) Weapons, equipment, and delivery vehicles
Every 5 years: review conference
Still 10 states have programs: Iran, Russia
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24. 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention
CWC bans chemical weapons and requires their destruction within a specified period of time.
The CWC is implemented by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which is headquartered in The Hague with almost 500 employees.
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25. US-Soviet Strategic Weapons
1969 SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, ABM
1979 SALTⅡ
1991 START I, Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
1993 START Ⅱ
2002 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty, SORT
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26. 1991 United Nations Register of Conventional Arms
General Assembly adopted resolution "Transparency in armaments", which requested the Secretary-General to establish a Register of Conventional Arms, to include data on international arms transfers as well as information provided by Member States on military holdings, procurement and relevant policies.
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27. 1997 Antipersonnel Landmines Treaty
States-parties commit to not using, developing, producing, acquiring, retaining, stockpiling, or transferring anti-personnel landmines
It entered into force on March 1, By 2002, 129 states had become party to the accord.
United States, Russia and China, have not signed the treaty
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28. 2001 Program of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects
There are over 600 million small arms and light weapons (SALW) in circulation worldwide. Of 49 major conflicts in the 1990s, 47 were waged with small arms as the weapons of choice. Small arms are responsible for over half a million deaths per year, including 300,000 in armed conflict and 200,000 more from homicides and suicides.
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29. Discussion Question
When the British Labour party advocated unilateral nuclear disarmament in its 1983 election manifesto, the manifesto was referred to as "the longest suicide note in history". Why did the idea of unilateral nuclear disarmament become an electoral liability? Do you support the idea of a nuclear free world, and if so do you see any other ways to achieve it?
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