1. The Cold War – Détente

2. Brezhnev Assumes Power (1964)‏  After the resignation of Khrushchev, Brezhnev became the new leader  Under his guidance, government censors controlled what the public read and wrote  They also enforced laws which limited freedom of speech and worship

3. Brezhnev Doctrine  He believed that the Soviet Union had the right to use force to keep Eastern European allies from turning away from communism

4. Détente (1970-1979)‏  The Soviet stance toward the U.S. became less hostile in the early 1970s  Brezhnev proclaimed in 1973 that peaceful coexistence was the normal and permanent state of relations  This is the period of détente (French for relaxation of tensions) ‏

5. Détente (1970-1979)‏  Negotiations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union resulted in summit meetings and the signing of strategic arms limitation agreements

6. Causes of Détente  The Cuban Missile Crisis had revealed the dangers of confrontation and brinkmanship (pushing a dangerous situation until the brink of disaster) ‏  The superpowers were alarmed at the possibility of the proliferation (building up) of nuclear weapons

7. Causes of Détente  People in the Communist party wished to reduce spending on defense to bring the standard of living of Soviet citizens to Western levels  The Soviet Union did not want to be isolated by improving U.S./Chinese relations

8. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)‏  Banned all nuclear tests except underground tests (because it was impossible to verify them) ‏ 1.Atmospheric 2.Underground 3.Upper-atmospheric 4.Underwater.

9. Outer Space Treaty (1967)‏  Banned the placing of nuclear weapons in orbit around the earth in outer space

10. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968)‏  189 nations have joined  It is the most widely followed arms control treaty  China, France, Russia, the U.S., and the UK all must: Not give nuclear weapons or technology to any state Reduce their weapons stockpiles  Other states agreed not to acquire nuclear weapons, but can develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes  All agree to submit to monitoring by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) ‏  India, Pakistan, Israel, and North Korea have not signed on (North Korea withdrew in 2002) ‏

11. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)(1969)‏  This led to several agreements in 1972: Banning nuclear weapons on the ocean floor Updating the “hot line” to take account of new developments in satellite communications Limiting each side to two ABM systems of limited size and effectiveness Freezing the development of new systems of offensive weapons until 1977

12. Biological Warfare Treaty (1972)‏  Banned the development, production, and stockpiling of biological toxins and weapons

13. Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABMs)(1972)‏  Allowed each side two sites for the deployment of ABMs: One to protect the capital city One to shield a single complex of ICBM silos

14. China (1972-1973)‏  (1972) UN Assembly votes to admit the People’s Republic of China  (1972) U.S. lifts 21-year embargo on trade with China  (1973) Nixon visits Mao Zedong in Communist China

15. Leaders Visit Each Other (1972-1974)‏  (1972 and 1974) Nixon goes to Moscow for a summit with Brezhnev  (1973) Brezhnev visits Washington

16. Withdrawal In Vietnam (1973)‏  The U.S. began to withdraw significantly from Vietnam

17. SALT II (1974)‏  These talks led to a treaty which: Limited delivery systems on each side to 2,400 in 1979; 2,250 in 1985 Missiles over a certain size were banned Limits were set on the number of warheads per missile Parties agreed to notify each other of tests and stocks

18. Helsinki Accords (1975)‏  Ford generally followed Nixon’s approach, working for détente  In 1975, Ford, the Soviet Union, and about 30 other nations signed the Helsinki Accords  In signing the agreement, the countries pledged to cooperate economically, respect existing national boundaries, and promote human rights

19. Détente Ends  In the late 1970s, however, growing internal repression, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and Carter’s tough stance on human rights led to a renewal of Cold War hostility

20. Ostpolitik  The West German attitude towards eastern Europe was expressed in the Hallstein Doctrine: West Germany would have no diplomatic relations with any state which recognized East Germany

21. Ostpolitik  Willy Brandt, the Foreign Minister of West Germany, outlined his proposals for a reduction in east- west tension (Ostpolitik) ‏ Improve relations with Poland and Czechoslovakia Be part of a wider European détente Support moves to reduce arms levels  West Germany established relations with Rumania (1967) and Yugoslavia (1968) ‏

22. Ostpolitik  In Sept. 1968, the West Germany lifted the ban on the communist party that had been imposed since 1955  In Mar. 1970, the PM of East Germany, Willi Stoph, met Brandt  In Aug. 1970, the USSR and East Germany signed a “non-aggression treaty” in Moscow

23. Ostpolitik  In Dec. 1970, Brandt visited Warsaw and: Signed a non-aggression treaty with Poland Recognized the Oder-Neisse line as the boundary of Germany with Poland Knelt before the Warsaw ghetto memorial, acknowledging German war guilt

24. Ostpolitik  In Dec. 1972, East Germany signed the “Basic Treaty” with West Germany which would: Cultivate good relations Increase personal and cultural contacts Respect each others’ frontiers and alliances Exchange permanent diplomatic missions