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Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Prenatal Development and Birth
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. Teratogens: Health Risks for the Baby The Process of Birth Becoming a Family: Psychological Adjustments to Having a Newborn
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. Prenatal Development ◦ The Development of an organism before (pre) its birth (natal). Conception Stages of Development
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. Conception ◦ The process of fertilization where a sperm cell combines with an egg cell to create a new organism. Ovulation ◦ Release of an egg (ovum) from the female ovary. Differentiation ◦ Process that occurs during cell division in which each new cell is committed to becoming a particular structure.
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The Germinal Stage: Conception - 2 Weeks. ◦ The first stage of prenatal development. Implantation The Embryonic Stage: Weeks 3 – 8. ◦ The second stage of prenatal development. Miscarriage Stillbirth Cephalocaudal pattern Proximadistal pattern Critical periods Organogenesis.
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. The Fetal Stage: Week 9 – Birth (38 – 40 Weeks) ◦ The third and final stage of prenatal development.
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. Teratogens ◦ Any substance or condition that might disrupt prenatal development and cause birth defects. Premature ◦ Babies born earlier or smaller than average. Preterm Birth ◦ Births that occur before 37 weeks of gestation. Low Birth Weight Weight less than 5 ½ pounds at birth (2 pounds lighter than average).
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. Alcohol ◦ Alcohol use during pregnancy can be catastrophic. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) ◦ A syndrome of birth defects caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol. Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) ◦ Lowered IQ, hyperactivity, growth deficiencies, and physical malformations.
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. Cocaine ◦ Fetal exposure to cocaine retards growth, can cause preterm birth, and can cause malformations in the baby’s brain, intestines, and genital – urinary tract. Cigarette Smoking ◦ Cigarette smoke contains more than 450 different harmful chemicals, including nicotine, carbon monoxide, and cyanide. ◦ These chemicals damage the placenta, reduce the blood supply, oxygen, and nutrients available to the fetus.
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Mother’s Health ◦ If a woman is carrying an infectious disease while pregnant, it can endanger the fetus. Herpes Syphilis HIV/AIDS Mother’s Age
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. At what point is the developing baby most vulnerable to toxins such as alcohol, cocaine, and cigarette smoke? Are the defects more severe when the exposure occurs early in pregnancy? Or are they more severe when the exposure occurs closer to birth?
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What aspects of your current lifestyle would you be willing to change to prevent future birth defects? What changes do you think other people would be willing to make?
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. Babies are more likely to be preterm and low in birth weight when they have fathers who are teenagers. These babies are more likely to have lower Apgar scores and they are more likely to die. Miscarriages and a variety of birth defects are more likely to occur when fathers work in settings that expose them to pesticides or chemicals.
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. Stages of Birth Cultural Differences Surrounding Birth Modern Birthing Practices in the United States: Choices and Alternatives
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. Stage 1 – Dilation ◦ The gradual opening of the cervix caused by labor contractions. Stage 2 – Delivery ◦ The baby actually moves through the birth canal. Stage 3 – Afterbirth ◦ The placenta and other membranes are delivered through the birth canal.
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The general biology of giving birth is the same for all human beings. The way that the birthing process is approached varies considerably across cultures.
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. Birth Attendants ◦ Certified nurse-midwives ◦ Doula Prepared Childbirth ◦ Classes or training to educate about labor and delivery Pain Relief During Labor and Delivery ◦ Epidural anesthesia
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. Malpresentation ◦ Improper positioning of the fetus in the mother’s uterus. Fetal Distress ◦ A condition that indicates that the fetus is at risk.
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. Apgar Test ◦ A brief assessment of the newborn conducted at 1 and 5 minutes after birth; used to identify newborns who are at risk and need medical attention.
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. The Transition to Parenthood Becoming the Big Brother or Sister
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. Adjusting ◦ It usually takes about 6 months to adjust to a new baby (although time may vary). ◦ The transition to parenthood often brings to the forefront any issues that a new parent has with his or her own parents. ◦ The transition is easier if the new parents are realistic in their expectations.
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. An older sibling may have a difficult time with a new baby. ◦ Increases in whininess ◦ Sleeping difficulties ◦ Withdrawal ◦ Clinginess ◦ Aggressive behaviors