1. Infants, Children, and Adolescents Laura E. Berk 6th edition
Chapter 3
Prenatal Development
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2. Why Have Children?

3. Relationship of Birth Order to Intelligence

4. Advantages and Disadvantages of a One-Child Family

5. American Mothers Getting Older
Check to see if Figure 3.2
is updated

6. Conception and Implantation

7. Periods of Prenatal Development
Length
Key Events
Zygote
2 weeks
Fertilization
Implantation
Start of Placenta
Embryo
6 weeks
Arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop
Heart begins beating
Fetus
30 weeks
“Growth and finishing”

9. The Placenta and Umbilical Cord

10. Discussion
Would you recommend that expectant mothers provide their fetuses with certain kinds of stimulation to enhance later mental development? Why or why not? ?

11. Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development

12. Prenatal Environmental Influences: Teratogens
Teratogen—any environmental agent
that causes damage during
the prenatal period.
Dose
Heredity
Other negative influences
Age

13. Prenatal Development and Later Health
Low Birth Weight
Greater chance of
Heart Disease
Stroke
Diabetes
High Birth Weight
Greater chance of breast cancer

14. Relationship of Birth Weight to Breast Cancer Risk in Adulthood

15. Teratogens Drugs Tobacco Alcohol Radiation Pollution
Prescription
Nonprescription
Illegal
Tobacco
Alcohol
Radiation
Pollution
Infectious Disease

16. Can a Thalidomide-Like Tragedy Occur Again?
Accutane—toxic to developing organisms
Efforts to control its damaging prenatal risks include:
Restriction of this and other drugs for the treatment of severe conditions.
Improved public and patient education.
Interventions that promote widespread, effective contraceptive use.

17. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Criteria for Diagnosis

18. The Effects of Environmental Pollution
More than 75,000 chemicals are in common use in the United States, and many new pollutants are introduced each year.
Many babies are “born polluted” by chemicals that can impair development and increase the chances of life-threatening diseases and health problems later on.

19. Effects of Some Infectious Diseases During Pregnancy

20. Maternal Factors in Healthy Prenatal Development
Exercise
Nutrition
Prevention and Treatment
Emotional Stress
Rh Blood Factor
Age
Previous Births

21. The Effects of Emotional Stress on the Developing Fetus
Stress hormones cross the placenta, causing a dramatic rise in fetal heart rate and activity.
Fetal neurological functioning can be permanently altered.
Maternal emotional stress predicts anxiety, short attention span, anger, aggression, and overactivity among preschoolers and young children above and beyond the impact of other risk factors.
Stress-related prenatal complications can be greatly reduced when mothers receive the support of family members and friends.

22. Birth
Complications
Increase After
Age 40

23. Expectant Mothers with Late or No Prenatal Care

24. Reasons Women Delay Prenatal Care
Financial Hardship
Situational Barriers
Personal Barriers
Many are engaging in high-risk behaviors that they do not want to reveal to health care professionals.

25. Culturally Sensitive Prenatal Care Promotes Healthy Pregnancies
Low-SES ethnic minority expectant and new mothers were not receiving warm prenatal care and expressed difficulty getting questions answered.
Group prenatal care offers a sensitive alternative.

26. Preparing for Parenthood
Expectant Parents:
Seek information
Get to know the baby as a reality
Look for models of effective parenthood
Adjust couples’ relationships