1. Chapter 4: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Module 4.1 From Conception to Birth Module 4.2 Influences on Prenatal Development Module 4.3 Happy Birthday! Module 4.4 The Newborn Children and Their Development, 3/e by Robert Kail

2. 4.1 From Conception to Birth Period of the Zygote Period of the Embryo Period of the Fetus

3. 4.1 Period of the Zygote Begins when egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube. Period of rapid cell division Ends 2 weeks later when the zygote is implanted in the wall of the uterus

4. Period of the Zygote 4.1: Period of the Zygote

5. 4.1 Period of the Embryo From 3 to 8 weeks after conception Body parts are formed during this period Embryo rests in the amnion filled with amniotic fluid Umbilical cord joins embryo to placenta

6. Prenatal Structures 4.1: Period of the Embryo

7. 4.1 Period of the Fetus From 9 weeks after conception to birth Increase in size and systems begin to function Age of viability: occurs at 22 to 28 weeks and fetus has a chance to survive

8. 4.2 Influences on Prenatal Development General Risk Factors Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental Hazards How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment

9. 4.2 General Risk Factors Nutrition: adequate amount of food, protein, vitamins, & minerals Stress: decreases oxygen to fetus, weakens mother’s immune system, and lead to unhealthy behaviors such as smoking or drinking alcohol Mother’s Age: neither too young, nor too old is best

10. 4.2 Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental Hazards Many diseases pass through the placenta directly and attack the fetus and others attack at birth Potentially dangerous drugs are not limited to cocaine but include alcohol, caffeine, and aspirin Environmental hazards are treacherous because we’re often unaware of their presence

11. Effects of PCBs on IQ and Reading Comprehension 4.2: Teratogens

12. 4.2 How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development Teratogens are not universally harmful Teratogens harm particular structures at a particular point in development in particular animals Impact depends on the dose Damage is not always evident at birth

13. Effects of Teratogens 4.2: How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development

14. 4.2 Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment Diagnosis: ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling can detect physical deformities and genetic disorders Treatment: fetal medicine and genetic engineering are experimental

15. Prenatal Diagnosis Amniocentesis Chorionic Villus Sampling 4.2: Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment

16. 4.3 Happy Birthday! Labor and Delivery Approaches to Childbirth Adjusting to Parenthood Birth Complications

17. 4.3 Labor and Delivery Stage 1: starts when the muscles of the uterus contract and ends when the cervix is fully enlarged (about 10 cm) Stage 2: baby is pushed through the birth canal Stage 3: placenta is expelled

18. Three Stages of Labor 4.3: Labor and Delivery

19. 4.3 Approaches to Childbirth Childbirth classes provide information about pregnancy and childbirth Childbirth classes teach pain control through deep breathing, imagery, and supportive coaching Mothers who attend classes use less medication during labor and feel more positive about labor and birth

20. 4.3 Adjusting to Parenthood Parents often reorganize old routines Half of all new moms feel some irritation, resentment, and crying 10-15% feel more severe postpartum depression Postpartum depression affects warmth and enthusiasm of mothering

21. 4.3 Birth Complications Lack of oxygen (hypoxia): Often leads to surgical removal of the fetus (C-section) Premature and Small-for-date infants Prematurity is less serious than being small-for- date Infant morality is relatively high in the United States compared to other industrialized countries

22. Infant Mortality Rates 4.3: Birth Complications

23. 4.4 The Newborn Assessing the Newborn The Newborn’s Reflexes Newborn States Perception and Learning in the Newborn

24. 4.4 Assessing the Newborn The Apgar assesses newborns’ health including activity, pulse, grimace, appearance, and respiration The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) is a comprehensive assessment of infants that includes measures of alertness and consolability

25. 4.4 The Newborn’s Reflexes Newborns’ reflexes prepare them to interact with the world Some reflexes are important to survival (e.g., rooting and sucking) Some protect the newborn (e.g., blink and withdrawal) Some are foundations for later motor behavior

26. 4.4 Newborn States 4 primary states: alert inactivity, waking activity, crying, sleeping 3 distinctive types of cries: hungry, mad, and basic Half of newborns’ sleep is REM Sleeping on one’s back may prevent SIDS

27. Back to Sleep Poster 4.4: Newborn States

28. 4.4 Perception and Learning in the Newborn All the basic perceptual processes are operating at birth Newborns can see, hear, taste, smell, and feel Newborns can also learn and remember