1. Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn
Chapter 3:
Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

2. Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn
Chapter 3 has four modules:
Module 3.1 From Conception to Birth
Module 3.2 Influences on Prenatal Development
Module 3.3 Happy Birthday!
Module 3.4 The Newborn

3. From Conception to Birth
Period of the Zygote (Weeks 1-2)
Period of the Embryo (Weeks 3-8)
Period of the Fetus (Weeks 9-38)

4. Module 3.1 From Conception to Birth
What happens to a fertilized egg in the first 2 weeks after conception?
When do body structures and internal organs emerge in prenatal development?
When do body systems begin to function well enough to support life?
Module 3.2 Influences on Prenatal Development
Module 3.3 Happy Birthday!
Module 3.4 The Newborn

5. Let’s look at the next slide to view this period more closely.
Period of the Zygote
Key terms:
Ovulation; fertilization, implantation, fallopian tube; zygote, blastocyst; germ disc
Characteristics:
2 weeks duration; rapid division
Let’s look at the next slide to view this period more closely.
Begins when egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube
After about 4 days, the zygote consists of about 100 cells, resembles a hollowball,and is called a blastocyst
Period of rapid cell division
Ends 2 weeks later when the zygote is implanted in the wall of the uterus
Germ disc: A small cluster of cells near the center of the blastocyst, eventually develops into the baby

6. Period of the Zygote

7. Period of the Embryo Key terms: Embryo Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Amnion and amniotic fluid
Umbilical cord
Placenta
Villi
Characteristics:
Third to eighth weeks of prenatal development
Differentiation of organs and organ systems occurs
After the blastocyst is completely embedded in the uterine wall, it is called an embryo
From 3 to 8 weeks after conception
Three layers form the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Body parts are formed during this period
Embryo rests in the amnion filled with amniotic fluid
Umbilical cord joins embryo to placenta
Villi: finger-like projections from the umbilical blood vessels

8. Prenatal Structures

9. Period of the Fetus Key Terms: Cerebral cortex Vernix Age of viability
Characteristics:
From 9 weeks after conception to birth
Increase in size
Systems begin to function
From 9 weeks after conception to birth
Increase in size and systems begin to function
Cerebral cortex: the wrinkled surface of the brain that regulates many important human behaviors
Vernix: protects the fetus during its long bath in amniotic fluid
Age of viability: occurs at between 22 and 28 weeks; fetus has a chance to survive

10. Period of the Fetus Fetal Behavior: Fetal movement
Behavioral maturity of sense
Changes during prenatal development
See Summary Table on page 71

11. Five Steps Toward a Healthy Baby
Regular check-ups
Healthy foods
No alcohol or caffeinated beverages
Exercise
Adequate diet

12. Influences on Prenatal Development
General Risk Factors
Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental Hazards
How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment

13. Module 3.2 Influences on Prenatal Development
Module 3.1 From Conception to Birth
Module 3.2 Influences on Prenatal Development
How is prenatal development influenced by a pregnant woman’s nutrition, the stress she experiences while pregnant, and her age?
What is a teratogen, and what specific diseases, drugs, and environmental hazards can be teratogens?
How do teratogens affect prenatal development?
How can prenatal development be monitored? Can abnormal prenatal development be corrected?
Module 3.3 Happy Birthday!
Module 3.4 The Newborn

14. General Risk Factors Nutrition Chronic stress Mother’s age
Nutrition: adequate amount of food, protein, vitamins, & minerals (ex. spina bifida caused by inadequate levels of folic acid)
Stress: decreases oxygen to fetus, weakens mother’s immune system, and leads to unhealthy behaviors such as smoking or drinking alcohol
Mother’s Age: neither too young nor too old is best

15. Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental Hazards
Teratogen: agent that causes abnormal prenatal development
Diseases passing through placenta directly or attacking at birth (Table 3-1)
Potentially dangerous drugs (Table 3-2)
Environmental hazards (Table 3-3)
Many diseases pass through the placenta directly and attack the fetus; others attack at birth
Potentially dangerous drugs are not limited to cocaine but include alcohol, caffeine, and aspirin (ex. fetal alcohol syndrome)
Environmental hazards are treacherous because we’re often unaware of their presence

16. Did you hear that?
Is cell phone usage a potential teratogen for pregnant women?
Yes

17. How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development
Impact of teratogen depends on organism genotype
Impact of teratogens changes over course of prenatal development and depends on dose
Each teratogen affects a specific aspect (or aspects) of prenatal development
Damage is not always evident at birth
See pages 80-82

18. Let’s review the effects of teratogens across prenatal development.

19. Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment
Ultrasound
Amniocentesis
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
These can detect physical deformities and genetic disorders

20. Prenatal Diagnosis Chorionic Villus Sampling Amniocentesis
Amniocentesis: sample taken of amniotic fluid surrounding fetus (through mother’s abdomen)
CVS: sample of tissue obtained from chorion
Amniocentesis
Chorionic Villus Sampling

21. Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment
Fetal medicine
Fetal surgery

22. Happy Birthday! Labor and Delivery Approaches to Childbirth
Adjusting to Parenthood
Birth Complications

23. What are the stages in labor and delivery?
Module 3.1 From Conception to Birth
Module 3.2 Influences on Prenatal Development
Module 3.3 Happy Birthday!
What are the stages in labor and delivery?
What are “natural” ways of coping with the pain of childbirth? Is childbirth at home safe?
What are the effects of postpartum depression?
What are some complications that can occur during birth?
Module 3.4 The Newborn

24. Labor and Delivery Labor is usually divided into three stages
Starts when muscles of uterus contract and ends when cervix is fully enlarged
Stage 2
Baby is pushed through the birth canal
Stage 3
Placenta is expelled
Labor is usually divided into three stages
Labor is usually divided into three stages
Stage 1: starts when the muscles of the uterus contract and ends when the cervix is fully enlarged (about 10 cm)
Stage 2: baby is pushed through the birth canal
Crowning
Breech presentation
Stage 3: placenta is expelled (afterbirth)

25. Three Stages of Labor
See Summary Table on Page 88

26. Approaches to Childbirth
Prepared childbirth
Natural childbirth
Childbirth with doula
Choice of place of birth

27. Approaches to Childbirth
Childbirth classes
Content
Benefits
Childbirth classes provide information about pregnancy and childbirth
Childbirth classes teach pain control through deep breathing, imagery, and supportive coaching (doula)
Mothers who attend classes use less medication during labor and feel more positive about labor and birth

28. Adjusting to Parenthood
Reorganization of old routines
Physical and emotional reactions
Postpartum depression
Parents often reorganize old routines
Half of all new moms feel some irritation, resentment, and experience crying
10-15% feel more severe postpartum depression
Postpartum depression affects warmth and enthusiasm of mothering

29. Birth Complications Hypoxia Cephalopelvic disproportion
Irregular position
Preeclampsia
Prolapsed umbilical cord
Lack of oxygen (hypoxia): often leads to surgical removal of the fetus (C-section)

30. Birth Complications Prematurity Low birth weight
Premature and small-for-date infants
Prematurity is less serious than being small- for-date

31. True or False?
Infant mortality is relatively low in the United States compared to other industrialized countries.
Let’s look at these rates around the world.
False. Infant mortality is relatively high in the United States compared to other industrialized countries.

32. Infant Mortality Rates
Look at the infant mortality rates above
Ask: Do you know what contributes to these statistics?

33. The Newborn Assessing the Newborn The Newborn’s Reflexes
Newborn States
Perception and Learning in the Newborn

34. How do reflexes help newborns interact with the world?
Module 3.1 From Conception to Birth
Module 3.2 Influences on Prenatal Development
Module 3.3 Happy Birthday!
Module 3.4 The Newborn
How do we determine if a baby is healthy and adjusting to life outside the uterus?
How do reflexes help newborns interact with the world?
What behavioral states are observable in newborns?
How well do newborns experience the world? Can they learn from experience?

35. Assessing the Newborn Apgar score (Table 3-5)
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
The Apgar assesses newborns’ health including activity, pulse, grimace, appearance, and respiration
The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) is a comprehensive assessment of infants that includes measures of alertness and ability to interact with people

36. The Newborn’s Reflexes
Newborns’ reflexes prepare them to interact with the world
Survival reflexes
Protective reflexes
Foundational reflexes
Newborns’ reflexes prepare them to interact with the world
Some reflexes are important to survival (e.g., rooting and sucking)
Some protect the newborn (e.g., blink and withdrawal)
Some are foundations for later motor behavior

37. Newborn States: Primary
Four primary states
Alert inactivity
Waking activity
Crying
Sleeping

38. Newborn States: Cries Three distinctive types of cries Basic Mad Pain
Swaddling is a useful technique to help soothe babies

39. Newborn States: Sleep Developmental change in sleep-wake cycle
Types of sleep (REM/non-REM)
Co-sleeping

40. Back to Sleep Campaign
The Back to Sleep campaign began in 1994 as a way to educate parents, caregivers, and health care providers about ways to reduce the risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
The campaign was named for its recommendation to place healthy babies on their backs to sleep.
Placing babies on their backs to sleep reduces the risk for SIDS, also known as "crib death."
This campaign has been successful in promoting infant back sleeping and other risk-reduction strategies to parents, family members, child care providers, health professionals, and all other caregivers of infants.

41. Perception and Learning in the Newborn
All the basic perceptual processes are operating at birth
Newborns can see, hear, taste, smell, and feel
Newborns can also learn and remember