Chapter 6 Diseases of the Cardiovascular System

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1 Structures of the Heart  Myocardium: Chamber walls, cardiac muscle  Endocardium: Internal lining of chamber walls  Pericardium: Double layer membrane enclosing the heart  Valves: Mitral (left), Tricuspid (right), Semilunar (2)

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Diagnostic Tests and Procedures for Cardiac Disorders  Auscultation: Listening through a stethoscope  ECG (electrocardiogram): Electrical recording of heart action (helps dx CAD, MI, Valve disorders, some congenital diseases)  Echocardiography: Ultrasound cardiography

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Diagnostic Tests and Procedures for Cardiac Disorders (cont)  Angiography: Done with X-rays, contrast injected – films blood vessel action  Cardiac catheterization: catheter passed into heart through blood vessels

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Cardiovascular Diseases Signs and Symptoms  Hyperlipidemia: Elevation of lipids or fats in the blood.  Hypercholesterolemia: Increase in serum cholesterol.  Arteriosclerosis and/or atherosclerosis: Occlusion of artery, lack of oxygen, depends on location.  Peripheral Artery Disease: Thinning of lower leg skin, ulceration of skin, high-fat diet.

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5  Aortic Aneurysm: No symptoms at first. Artery wall is weakened, can cause bleeding which is hard to find.  Hypertension: Consistent high blood pressure, headaches, sometimes a high salt diet and alcohol consumption.  Thrombosis: Pain, blood pooling in lower extremities, deep muscle tenderness, inflammation.  Coronary Heart Disease: Chest pain, palpitations, dizziness, fainting, weakness, shortness of breath, MI.

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6  Myocarditis: Fever, chest pain, shortness of breath, tachycardia.  Rheumatic heart disease: Fever, inflammation of joints, rash.  Cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic (A) – Excessive Ventricular growth; Restrictive – Dyspnea, arthopnea, perpheral edema, weakness, fatigue.  Mitral stenosis: Increased pressure in heart, congestion of veins, cyanosis, congestive heart failure.  Aortic stenosis: Hypertrophy of left ventricle, calcified deposits on valve.

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7  Congestive Heart Failure: Shortness of breath, fatigue, edema.  Cardiac arrhythmias: Supraventricular – tachycardia, bradycardia, heart block, syncope, edema, SOB; Ventricular – SOB, fatigue, edema.  Shock: Drop in BP, too low to sustain life.  Septal defects: Heart murmur, ventriculoseptal defect causes increased blood flow to lungs.  Patent ductus arteriosus: increased pressure in lungs can lead to pulmonary hypertension.