1. CARDIOVASCULAR Brings O2 and nutrients to all body cells and remove wastes.  
CHAPTER 13

3. HEART
Located in the pericardial/thoracic cavity (contains serous fluid to reduce friction)
Lined by a serous membrane called the pericardium
3 layers
Epicardium-outer layer that protects heart
Myocardium-thick middle layer of cardiac muscle that forces blood out the heart chambers
Endocardium-inner layer that contains blood vessels that attach to the heart

5. 4 chambers
Atria: upper 2 chambers that have thin walls and receive blood returning to heart
Ventricles: lower 2 chambers that have thick walls and receive blood from atria then contract to force blood out of heart

6. Interventricular Septum-solid wall that separates the heart into left and right halves
Coronary arteries-supply blood to the hearts tissues (the 1st 2 branches of the aorta)
Cardiac veins& Coronary sinus: blood returns to the right atrium through these
Atrioventricular valves: tricuspid/bicuspid
Semilunar valves: pulmonary/aortic

7. PATH OF BLOOD FLOW THROUGH HEART
Superior & Inferior
vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Your body

8. BLOOD VESSELS Closed system of blood circulation
Artery arteriole capillary venule vein
(away from heart) *site of nutrient, (back to heart)
gas, and waste exchange
Closed system of blood circulation
Pulmonary circuit: sends deoxygenated blood to lungs
Systemic circuit: sends oxygenated blood and nutrients to all body cells and removes wastes
The heart pumps 7,000 liters of blood through the body each day, contracting some 2.5 billion times in an average lifetime.

10. CARDIAC CYCLE
The events of one complete heart beat (1 contraction & relaxation) that lasts about .8 sec.
Both atria contract while ventricles are relaxing.
Both atria relax while ventricles are contracting.
Pressure within the chambers rises and falls causes the valves to open and close.
When ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure, the AV valves open.
Papillary muscles contract and pull chordate tendineae to open and close the valves. They aid in preventing back flow of blood.

11. Heart beat sound: lupp-dupp
Lupp occurs when the AV valves are closing
Dupp occurs when the semilunar valves are closing
Cardiac conduction system coordinates the events of the cardiac cycle.
S-A node (sinoatrial node) or pacemaker
upper right atrium
generate the hearts rhythmic contractions
A-V bundle
Purkinje fibers

12. Electrocardiogram (ECG): recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle.

13. ECG cont…
S-A node triggers a cardiac impulse, atrial fibers depolarize(contraction), producing an electrical charge.
Ventricle walls are thicker causing a greater electrical charge.
Adult heart rate beats per minute. Well trained athlete bpm.
Heart rate influences
Emotional upset, anxiety
Temperature change
Ion changes (K+, Ca+2)

14. BLOOD PRESSURE
Force blood exerts against the blood vessel walls. Specifically, pressure in arteries supplied by branches of the aorta.
Forces blood throughout the body.
Blood vessels walls are constructed to adequately carry blood (pg. 358)
Artery arteriole capillary venule vein
Highest pressure Lowest pressure
Cut an artery, blood squirts out; cut a vein, blood flows out
Contraction of the human heart creates enough pressure to squirt blood 30 ft.

15. Blood Pressure cont..
Systolic pressure: maximum pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction.
Diastolic pressure: lowest pressure remaining in the arteries before the next ventricular contraction.
Average blood pressure 120/ systolic/diastolic
Arterial Pulse
Temporal femoral
Facial popliteal
Carotid posterior tibial
Brachial dorsalis pedis
radial

16. Factors that influence blood pressure
Stroke volume: amount of blood discharged from ventricle with each contraction
Blood volume: sum of all blood components
Peripheral resistance: friction b/w the blood and blood vessel walls
Viscosity: consistency of blood

17. CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Tachycardia- abnormally fast heart beat – above 100 BPM
Bradycardia – slow heart beat – below 60 BPM
Murmur – abnormal heart sound due to incomplete closure of heart valves
Idiopathic cardiomyopathy – enlarged heart
Congenital defects – defect present at birth
Stenosis – narrowing of an opening
Myocardial infarction – heart attack
Angina pectoris – pain in the chest
Hypertension – high blood pressure (140/90)

18. Arrhythmias – abnormal heart rhythms
Atherosclerosis – a build-up of plaque in the arteries
Arteriosclerosis – hardening of the arteries
Coronary bypass – surgery using a vein from the leg or artery from the chest to correct blocked coronary arteries
Thrombus – blood clot
Embolus – moving blood clot
Ischemia – lack of blood flow and oxygen to heart
Aneurysm – a permanent weakness in an artery
Angioplasty – a catheter is inserted into an artery in the leg or arm and fed into a coronary artery
Cardiac output – the amount of blood the heart pumps each minute