2. A Lecture on Heart Diseases Arranged by HART Welfare Society Presented by H/Dr.Muhammad Abid Khan on 17/04/2009

4. HUMAN HEART Location of Heart in Human Body.

5. EXTERIOR VIEW OF HEART

6. INTERIOR VIEW OF HEART

7. CROSS SECTION OF HEART

8. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation Fetal Circulation

9. HEART DEFECTS Congenital Heart Defect (CHD) Other Heart Diseases

10. OTHER HEART DISEASES Types of heart disease 1. Coronary heart disease 2. Cardiomyopathy 3. Cardiovascular disease 4. Ischaemic heart disease 5. Heart failure 6. Hypertensive heart disease 7. Inflammatory heart disease 8. Valvular heart disease

11. CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a condition in which plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries.

12. NORMAL CORONARY ARTERIES

14. PLAQUE IN CORONERY ARTERY

16. COMPONENTS OF PLAQUE Plaque is made up of *Fat *Cholesterol *Calcium and *Other substances found in the blood.

17. CARDIOMYOPATHY Cardiomyopathy literally means "heart muscle disease" (Myo= muscle, pathy= disease) It is the deterioration of the function of the myocardium (i.e., the actual heart muscle) for any reason. In cardiomyopathy, the heart muscle becomes enlarged or abnormally thick or rigid. In rare cases, the muscle tissue in the heart is replaced with scar tissue.

18. CLASSIFICATION OF CARDIOMYOPATHY On the basis of primary pathology Cardiomyopathy is divided into two classes: 1.Extrinsic cardiomyopathies – Where the primary pathology is outside the myocardium itself. 2.Intrinsic cardiomyopathies – Weakness in the muscle of the heart that is not due to an identifiable external cause.

19. Extrinsic Cardiomyopathies Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy Coronary artery disease Congenital heart disease Nutritional diseases affecting the heart Ischemic (or ischaemic) cardiomyopathy Hypertensive cardiomyopathy Valvular cardiomyopathy Inflammatory cardiomyopathy

20. Intrinsic Cardiomyopathies Dilated cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Restrictive cardiomyopathy Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD)

21. Dilated Cardiomyopathy Dilated cardiomyopathy or DCM, also known as congestive cardiomyopathy, is a condition in which the heart becomes weakened and enlarged, and cannot pump blood efficiently. The decreased heart function can affect the lungs, liver, and other body systems.

22. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy In Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HCM or HOCM, the heart muscle thickens abnormally. The thickening generally happens in the left ventricle. This type of cardiomyopathy can affect people of any age. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be obstructive or nonobstructive.

23. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy In the obstructive type, the septum thickens and bulges into the left ventricle. In nonobstructive type the thickened heart muscle does not block the flow of blood out of the ventricle. The entire ventricle may become thicker (symmetric ventricular hypotrophy) or it may happen only at the bottom of the heart (apical hypertrophy). The right ventricle also may be affected.

24. Restrictive cardiomyopathy In this cardiomyopathy, the ventricles become stiff and rigid due to replacement of the normal heart muscle with abnormal tissue, such as scar tissue. As a result, the ventricles cannot relax normally and expand to fill with blood, which causes the atria to become enlarged. Eventually, blood flow in the heart is reduced, and complications such as heart failure or arrhythmias occur.

25. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) It is a rare type of cardiomyopathy. ARVD develops when the muscle tissue in the right ventricle dies and is replaced with scar tissue. This process causes problems in the heart's electrical signaling, resulting in arrhythmias. Symptoms include a feeling of strong or irregular heartbeats (palpitations) and fainting after exercise.

26. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) Normal Heart Tissues Abnormal Scar Tissues

27. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular diseases refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis.

28. TYPES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES Aneurysm Angina Atherosclerosis Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) Cerebrovascular disease Congestive Heart Failure Coronary Artery Disease Myocardial infarction (Heart Attack) Peripheral vascular disease

29. Aneurysm An aneurysm (or aneurism) is a localized, blood-filled dilation (balloon-like bulge) of a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel wall. Aneurysms most commonly occur in arteries at the base of the brain and in the aorta (a so- called aortic aneurysm). As the size of an aneurysm increases, there is an increased risk of rupture, which can result in severe hemorrhage or other complications including sudden death.

30. Aneurysm

31. Angina Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is severe chest pain due to ischemia. Angina may feel like pressure or squeezing in chest. The pain also may occur in shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. It can feel like indigestion. Angina itself isn't a disease. Rather, it's a symptom of an underlying heart problem. Angina is usually a symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD).

32. ANGINA PECTORIS PAIN AT FRONT

33. ANGINA PECTORIS PAIN AT BACK

34. Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up on the insides of arteries. The flow of oxygen-rich blood to different organs and other parts of the body is reduced. Atherosclerosis can affect any artery in the body, including arteries in the heart, brain, arms, legs, and pelvis. As a result, different diseases may develop based on which arteries are affected. Like: Coronary Artery Disease, Carotid Artery Disease, Peripheral Arterial Disease

35. Atherosclerosis

36. Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain function(s) due to a disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This can be due to ischemia (lack of blood supply) caused by thrombosis or embolism or due to a hemorrhage.

37. Cerebrovascular disease Cerebrovascular disease is a group of brain dysfunctions related to disease of blood vessels supplying the brain. Sustained hypertension permanently changes the architecture of the blood vessels making them narrow, stiff, deformed and uneven.

38. Congestive Heart Failure Heart failure (HF) is a condition in which a problem with the structure or function of the heart impairs its ability to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the body's needs. Common causes of heart failure include myocardial infarction and other forms of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathy.

39. Congestive Heart Failure

40. Coronary Artery Disease Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease, is a condition in which plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries.

41. Myocardial infarction (Heart Attack) Myocardial infarction (MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart is interrupted causing some heart cells to die. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery

42. Peripheral vascular disease Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), also known as peripheral artery disease (PAD) or peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD), includes all diseases caused by the obstruction of large arteries in the arms and legs.

43. ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE Ischemia means a decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels. Ischaemic or ischemic heart disease (IHD), or myocardial ischaemia, is a disease characterized by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle, usually due to coronary artery disease

44. HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE Hypertensive heart disease is heart disease caused by high blood pressure, especially localised high blood pressure. Conditions that can be caused by hypertensive heart disease include: Left ventricular hypertrophy Coronary heart disease (Congestive) heart failure Hypertensive cardiomyopathy Cardiac arrhythmias

45. BLOOD PRESSURE Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage the body in many ways. Blood pressure numbers include systolic and diastolic pressures. Systolic blood pressure is the pressure when the heart beats while pumping blood. Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure when the heart is at rest between beats.

46. INFLAMMATORY HEART DISEASE Inflammatory heart disease involves inflammation of the heart muscle and/or the tissue surrounding it. Inflammatory heart diseases are: Endocarditis Inflammatory Cardiomegaly Myocarditis

47. Endocarditis Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. Infective Endocarditis Non-infective Endocarditis

48. Infective Endocarditis Infective endocarditis is a form of endocarditis caused by infectious agents. The agents are usually bacterial, but other organisms can also be responsible.

49. Myocarditis Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle). It is generally due to infection (viral or bacterial). It may cause chest pain, rapid signs of heart failure or sudden death.

50. VALVULAR HEART DISEASE Heart valve disease is a condition in which one or more heart valves don't work properly. The heart has four valves: the tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valves. These valves have tissue flaps that open and close with each heartbeat. The flaps make sure blood flows in the right direction through heart's four chambers and to the rest of body.

51. VALVULAR HEART DISEASE

52. Heart valves can have three basic kinds of problems: Regurgitation. Stenosis. Atresia.

53. REGURGITATION Regurgitation, or backflow, occurs when a valve doesn’t close tightly. Blood leaks back into the chamber rather than flowing forward through the heart or into an artery.

54. STENOSIS Stenosis occurs when the flaps of a valve thicken, stiffen, or fuse together. This prevents the heart valve from fully opening, and not enough blood flows through the valve. Some valves can have both stenosis and backflow problems.

55. ATRESIA Atresia occurs when a heart valve lacks an opening for blood to pass through.

56. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS CARDIAC DISEASES Common symptoms of CAD are: 1.Angina 2.Shortness of breath 3.Arrhythmia 4.Heart attack 5.Heart failure 6.Swelling of the abdomen, legs, ankles, and feet

57. DIAGNOSES CARDIAC DISEASES Following measures can be taken to diagnose a CAD E.C.G (ElectroCardioGram) Stress Testing Echocardiography Chest x-ray Blood Tests Electron-Beam Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography

58. CAUSES OF CARDIAC DISEASES Smoking High level of Fats in blood High level of Cholesterol in blood High Blood Pressure Diabetes Obesity Lack of physical activity Unhealthy diet Stress

59. Prevention from Cardiac Deseases To prevent C.D it is necessary to: Control Blood Cholesterol Level Control Blood Pressure Control Diabetes Control Obesity Do Physical Activities Avoid Smoking & Drinking Manage stress Take healthy and balance diet.

60. Thank you very much The End