© 2006 SOUTH-WESTERN EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING 11th Edition Hulbert & Miller Effective English for Colleges Chapter 9 SENTENCES: ELEMENTS, TYPES, AND STRUCTURES

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 9, Slide 2 Learning Objectives To identify dependent clauses and their functions To identify phrases and their functions To identify declarative, imperative, exclamatory, and interrogative sentences To identify simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentence structures 11 To identify independent clauses

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 9, Slide 3 Sentence Elements  A sentence contains a subject and a predicate, expresses a complete thought, and is grammatically independent.  A clause contains both a subject and a verb and may be  Independent (expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence) or  Dependent (does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone). Refer to CHECKPOINT 1.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 9, Slide 4 Kinds of Dependent Clauses ADJECTIVE CLAUSES modify nouns or pronouns in main clauses and often answer what kind? which one? how many? RESTRICTIVE CLAUSES are essential to the meaning of the sentence and are not set off with commas. NONRESTRICTIVE CLAUSES provide additional detail or description and are set off with commas. Refer to CHECKPOINT 2.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 9, Slide 5 Kinds of Dependent Clauses (continued) (continued) ADVERB CLAUSES modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs; begin with subordinating conjunctions; and answer the questions why? where? when? how? how often? and to what extent? NOUN CLAUSES function as subjects, objects, or subject complements; are often introduced by who, whom, whose, that, why, what, and whether; and are always dependent. Refer to CHECKPOINTS 3 and 4.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 9, Slide 6 Sentence Elements (continued)  A phrase is a group of related words that does not contain both a subject and a verb.  A primary phrase (or clause) may contain another type of phrase (a secondary phrase) that modifies words in the primary phrase or clause. Refer to CHECKPOINT 5.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 9, Slide 7 Kinds of Verbal Phrases  Gerund phrases  Consist of a gerund (verb form ending in – ing), any modifier(s), and any object(s).  Function only as nouns.  Serve as subjects, objects, or complements.  Participial phrases  Consist of a participle (verb form ending in – ing, -d, or – ed), any modifier(s), and any object(s).  Function as adjectives to modify nouns or pronouns. Refer to CHECKPOINT 6.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 9, Slide 8 Kinds of Verbal Phrases (continued)  Infinitive phrases  Consist of the word to (implied or expressed) plus its object(s), and any modifier(s).  Usually function as nouns but can also function as adjectives or adverbs.  Prepositional phrases  Consist of a preposition and its objects, plus any modifiers of the object.  Function as adjectives and adverbs. Refer to CHECKPOINT 7. Refer to APPLICATIONS 9-1 through 9-4.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 9, Slide 9 A declarative sentence makes a statement and ends with a period. An imperative sentence gives a direct command or makes a request, ends with a period, and most often has you as the understood subject. An exclamatory sentence (not always a complete sentence) expresses strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. An interrogative sentence asks a direct question and ends with a question mark.  Indirect question reports someone else ’ s question and ends with a period.  Courteous request asks someone to take action and ends with a period. Sentence Types Refer to CHECKPOINTS 8 and 9. Refer to APPLICATION 9-5.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 9, Slide 10 Sentence Structure SIMPLE SENTENCES contain only one independent clause and no dependent clauses. COMPOUND SENTENCES contain two or more independent clauses that are joined by a coordinating conjunction, a conjunctive adverb, or a semicolon. COMPLEX SENTENCES contain one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES contain two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Refer to CHECKPOINT 11. Refer to APPLICATIONS 9-6 and 9-7. Refer to CHAPTER 9 REVIEW. Refer to APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE.