1. Phrases and Verbals

2. Prepositional Phrases
A preposition pre-positions the noun that is at the end of the prepositional phrase.
This noun is called the object of the preposition.
Prepositional phrases function as adjectives or adverbs
Prepositional phrases can be removed from the sentence.
The subject and verb are never in a prepositional phrase
Know the commonly used prepositions

4. Prepositional phrases Adjective or Adverb
Modifies a noun or pronoun
Modifies a verb, an adverb, or an adjective
Answers the questions--
What kind? How many?
Which one?
The prepositional phrase can be replaced by an adjective
Answers the questions-- Where? How?
When? Why?
In what manner?
To what extent?
Adjective prepositional phrases are located close to the word being modified.
Adverb prepositional might be located away from the word being modified
The southern border of this beautiful state is Mexico.
The beautiful state’s southern border is Mexico.

5. Appositives
An appositive is a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase placed after another noun or pronoun to identify, rename, or explain the preceding noun.
The appositive could be taken out of the sentence.
verb
Noun
Mrs. Jones, the hardworking lady, attempted to teach Roger a lesson.
An appositive that restates or elaborates the noun “Mrs. Jones.”
comma
Comma
The commas are not needed in some cases.

6. Appositive Phrases Appositives Noun + the modifiers connected to it
Look like-
Function as-
Specific uses-
Appositives
Noun + the modifiers connected to it
nouns
identifies, renames, or explains the noun that comes before it
Can be taken out of sentence

7. Participial Phrases Participles
Look like-
Function as-
Specific uses-
Participles
-ing, -ed, irregular verb forms such as chosen
adjectives
Can be taken out of sentence

8. Gerund Phrases Gerunds -ing nouns
Look like-
Function as-
Specific uses-
Gerunds
-ing
nouns
subjects
direct objects
predicate nouns
Appositives
Obj. of preposition
Cannot be taken out of sentence unless used as appositives

9. Infinitive Phrases Infinitives to + verb nouns, adjectivesadverbs
Look like-
Function as-
Specific uses-
Infinitives
to + verb
nouns, adjectivesadverbs
Subjects
Direct objects
Predicate nouns
Appositives
Object of a preposition
Adjectives
Adverbs
Cannot be taken out of sentence unless used as appositives, adjectives, or adverbs

10. Absolute Phrases Absolutes Can be taken out of sentence Look like-
Function as-
Specific uses-
Absolutes
Noun + the modifiers connected to it
adverbs
Modifies an independent clause
Can be taken out of sentence

11. Phrases & Verbals Participles Absolutes Gerunds Infinitives Look like-
-ing, -ed, irregular verb forms
Noun + the modifiers connected to it
-ing
to + verb
Function as-
adjectives
adverbs
nouns
nouns, adjectives, adverbs
Specific uses-
Modifies an independent clause
Subjects
Direct objects
Predicate nouns
Appositives
Object of a preposition
subjects
direct objects
predicate nouns
appositives
Adjectives/adverbs
Can be taken out of sentence
Can be taken out of sentence
Cannot be taken out of sentence unless used as appositives
Cannot be taken out of sentence unless used as appositives, adjectives, or adverbs

12. Prepositional Phrases
Look like-
Function as-
Specific uses-
Prepositional Phrases
Begin with a preposition and end with a noun
adjectives
Modify nouns
Can be taken out of sentence
adverbs
modify verbs, adverbs, or adjectives,