USGBC NY Upstate Chapter R333 Domestic Hot Water: Usage Research DHWUR Hugh Henderson March 22, 2014

Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request. This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. _______________________________________ Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

How much hot water do normal and Net Zero type householders use? New NYS research and old assumptions will be trotted out for all to review. Course Description

Learning Objectives 1. Define hot water use profiles (how much is used in homes) and hot water use patterns (where it is used in homes) 2. Analyze areas where hot water is wasted 3. Describe hot water use in multifamily buildings 4. Explain how centralized hot water systems are beneficial for certain applications At the end of the this course, participants will be able to:

Domestic Hot Water Use Research March 22, 2014 Hugh I. Henderson, Jr. P.E. CDH Energy Corp. Cazenovia, NY Sponsors:NYSERDA DOE Building America 5

Importance Water heating 2 nd largest load in NY Homes –Bigger than cooling; approaching space heating in some highly-efficient homes –Many technologies are being developed Performance differences between DHW technologies are not always clear –Performance/efficiency depends on water use (64 gallons/day may not apply any more) –Use patterns can effect different systems in different ways 6

“BROADER” Project Overview Side-by-Side Laboratory Testing –Impose the same water use pattern on systems and compare performance Field Testing –Confirm actual field-measured performance –Quantify load profiles in actual homes –Understand impact of HW distribution 7

Laboratory Testing – Solar/HPWH 8 Unit 3 SOLAR Unit 4 SOLAR DRAIN Unit 8 HPWH (EF=2.4)

Laboratory Testing – HE Gas 9 Unit 6 HE COND TANK (TE=0.96) Unit 7 HYBRID (TE=0.90) Unit 5 TANKLESS (EF=0.94)

Lab Instrumentation Measure Flow, ΔT & Q out Fuel input Control Inlet water temp Flow rate Specify as daily profile (multiple draws: time, flow, duration) 10

Lab Results 11

Field Testing Goals Measure HW load profiles (simple sites) Measure inputs, thermal outputs and efficiency under actual conditions (detailed sites) Measure component status and operating conditions: water T, space T & RH (detailed sites) HW Distribution: install temperature sensors on distribution piping to: –allocate water draws to key end uses (sinks, showers, dishwashers, etc) –Estimate HW “waste” in distribution piping 12

Two Kinds of “Simple” Sites Collect 15-minute flow data –Using CR10x and CR10 loggers Collect 15-minute AND event data –Using CR200 logger –Collect 5-sec data during a hot water draw and for 25 seconds after flow stops All sites manually collected 13

15-minute Profile – 2 People February 14

15-minute Profile – 2 People August 15

15-minute Profile – 4 People February 16

HW Use Depends on Household Size and Season 17

Day-to-Day Use Varies 18

Everything Varies! 19

Cold Water Temperatures Vary 20

CW Temperature Affects HW Use 21

15-minute HW Use is Not the Entire Story HW use actually occurs as draw events –How many events? –How much per draw? –When do draws occur? –Which end use or fixture? The size of draw events can effect system performance –i.e., big draws make resistance elements come ON 22

A Typical HW Draw Event 23

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Simple Sites – Event Data 25

Sensor Locations “Detailed” Site 1 26

Kitchen Sink Draw Event 27

“Classified” Event Data 28

“Classified” Event Data 29

Classification Success Rate 30 Useful = T is Over 90°F at Fixture

Able to Assign HW to End Uses 31

Is Delivered HW “Useful” 32

Anecdote: Tankless WH Retrofit 33 Same Use, Fewer Events

Anecdote: HPWHs & Resist Elements 34 Ouch!

Anecdote: Multi-Family Use 35

Preliminary Conclusions HW Use is about 40 gallons per day for 2 people, but: –varies across the day –varies across the season –household size and behavior matter –significant day-to-day variations HW use is not an average profile, but a series of draw events (about 1 gal per draw) Draw events can significantly affect the performance of certain systems: HPWH & Solar 36

This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course Tracie Hall, Executive Director USGBC New York Upstate Chapter 727 East Washington Street Syracuse, NY