EOC Review: Biochemistry, Enzymes, Cell, and Cell Transport Christopherson

Monomer Single molecule One subunit Example: Single bead for a necklace

Polymer Many molecules More than one subunit Example: Beads making up a necklace

Four Macromolecules: Carbohydrates

Monomer of a Carbohydrate Simple Sugar or Monosaccharide

Polymer of a Carbohydrate Complex sugar

Type of Carb: Monosaccharide Explanation: One sugar / Simple Sugar Example: Glucose or Fructose

Indicator: Benedict’s Solution

Positive Test: Turns Green to Red

Type of Carb: Polysaccharide Explanation: Many Sugars

Example of a Polysaccharides Cellulose: Provides structure for plants

Example of a Polysaccharide Starch: Stored Energy in plants

Examples of a Polysaccharide Chitin: Structure and support for insects and mushrooms

Indicator: Iodine

Positive Test: Turns Black

Example of a Polysaccharide Glycogen: Stored energy in animals

Carbohydrate Functions #1 Short term energy source Burn quickly Glucose

Carbohydrate Function #2 Stored Energy Organisms store what they don’t use Glycogen and Starch

Carbohydrate Function #3 Provide structure for plants, fungus, and insects

Four Macromolecules: Lipids

Lipids Also known as: Fats, Oils, and Waxes

Indicator: Brown Paper Bag or Towel

Positive Test: Grease Spot

Lipids Function #1 Long term energy storage

Lipids Function #2 Provide Insulation

Lipids Function #3 Regulate water movement in and out of the cell

Four Macromolecules: Proteins

Protein Monomers and Polymers

Indicator: Biuret’s

Positive Test: Turns Purple

Proteins Function #1 Make up the structure and function of muscles

Proteins Function #3 Blood has hemoglobin (protein) which helps transport oxygen

Proteins Function #4 Insulin (protein) helps glucose move from our bloodstream to our cells

Protein Function - #5 Enzymes (Protein) fuel every chemical reaction in organisms. Helps form bonds and break things down

Four Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids Elements present: Only one with P Monomer: Nucleotide

Nucleic Acid Function #1 Responsible for an organisms genetic make-up (DNA)

Nucleic Acid Function #2 Usable form of energy (ATP)

Nucleic Acid – Function #3 Makes Proteins: RNA

Chemical Reaction Occurs when bonds are broken or formed to create a new substance Reactants Products

Characteristics of Enzymes #1 Enzymes are biological catalysts; speed up the rate of reaction

Example of Enzymes as Catalysts

Characteristics of Enzymes #2 Enzymes are site specific One enzyme = One job

How Enzymes Work

Environmental Effects on Enzymes 1.Temperature* High Temperatures can denature enzymes Denature means lose shape (active site).

Environmental Effects on Enzymes 1.pH Dramatic changes in the pH of a solution can denature an enzyme Decreasing enzyme activity

Eukaryotic Cell Definition Complex cells that have “membrane- bound” organelles. “Membrane-bound” means that they have an outer layer.

Two main types of Eukaryotic Cells 1. Animal Cell 2. Plant Cell

Nucleus Location: Large circle typically in the middle of the cell Function: Control center of the cell; location of DNA

Ribosomes Location: Small dots all over the cell Function: Location of protein synthesis; where proteins are made

Mitochondria Function: Breaks down sugar into ATP (usable form of energy); Powerhouse of the cell Location: Throughout the cell

Chloroplast Location: Green “beans” throughout a plant cell Function: Location of photosynthesis; process by which plants make food

Vacuole Location: Throughout an animal cell; makes up the majority of a plant cell Function: Stores water, food, waste, etc.

Location: Outer layer of the cell Function: Control what comes in and out of the cell; gatekeeper Cell/Plasma Membrane

Homeostasis The ability of an organism to adjust its internal environment to keep it stable.

Cell Wall Location: Layer outside of the cell membrane in some organisms Function: Provide structure and support

Plants Cell Wall

Bacteria Cell Wall

Fungus

Phytoplankton Cell Wall

Prokaryotic Cell Definition Simple cells that lack “membrane- bound” organelles. “Membrane- bound” means that they have an outer layer.

Examples of Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria

Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Cell Specialization Nerve Cell: Conducts messages throughout organisms

Cell Specialization Muscle Cell: Stretches and contracts like a rubber band; allows muscles to work

Cell Specialization Blood Cell: Shaped like flat discs; Allows for more surface area for oxygen attachment

Cell Specialization Sperm Cell: Possesses a tail; allows for movement to the egg

Cellular Transport Christopherson

Where are WE? Organism Tissue Cell Transport is fueled by the need of the cell to maintain homeostasis

Diffusion Movement of particles from an high concentration to a low concentration; reach homeostasis HighLow

What is concentration? The amount of a substance High concentration means there is a lot present

Substances that can diffuse across the cell membrane

Osmosis Movement of WATER from a high to a low concentration

Hint: a. Water will ALWAYS move to the higher concentration of dissolved substances.

Hint: b. Solute SUCKS solvent (water)!!!! Solute Water

Isotonic Solution Cell remains same size Water moves in and out at same rate (time) The concentration of dissolved substances is equal in and out of cell.

Hypotonic Solution Cell swells Water moves in The higher concentration of dissolved substances is __________ the cell.

Hypertonic Solution Cell shrinks Water moves out The higher concentration of dissolved substances is __________ the cell.

Two types of transport in cells Passive Transport : Movement of particles from a high to a low concentration

Two types of transport in cells Active Transport : Movement of particles from a low to a high concentration; ATP is needed ATP LOWHIGH