1. Macromolecules

2. Life: Small Picture to Big Picture
Macromolecules

3. What are Macromolecules?
Large molecules that are made up of smaller molecules.
They make up cells and their internal structures.
There are 4 basic types of macromolecules. They are:
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids

4. Lipids: Function Make up the cell membrane, providing cell structure
Provide insulation (fat keeps body warm)
Long-term energy storage

5. Lipids: Food Sources
As you might have guessed, fatty foods contain lipids.
Lipids are found in meat and fish, oils, avocados, eggs & nuts.

6. Proteins: Function Build and repair muscle and tissue
Enzymes: proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Antibodies: Identify and fight off bacteria and viruses
Transport Proteins: Carry small molecules and atoms throughout cells
Hormones: Some hormones, which are substances that control organ functions, are made of proteins. Insulin and growth hormone are protein based hormones.

7. Proteins: Food Sources
Proteins are found in meat, fish, legumes, nuts, milk, eggs, grains and soy products.
There are 6 amino acids that our bodies cannot make- we can only get these from food.

8. Carbohydrates: Function
Provide body with energy!
Complex carb (ex. Starch)
Broken down to disaccharides
Broken down further
Simple sugars (ex. Glucose)

9. Carbohydrates: Food Sources
Simple carbs (simple sugars) are found in most candy and sweet drinks, fruit, vegetables, and milk. They are quickly digested and give a short burst of energy.
Complex carbs (like starches) are found in pasta, bread, potatoes, legumes & corn. They take longer to digest, and provide energy longer.

10. Nucleic Acids: Function
Stores and carries genetic information

11. Nucleic Acids: Food Sources
Plant and animal foods (anything that is/was alive)

12. What are macromolecules made of?
Macromolecules are made of 4 elements (substances made of one type of atom):
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

13. Monomers & Polymers
Macromolecules are actually made up of even smaller molecules. Each small molecule of a macromolecule is called a monomer.
The macromolecules themselves are called polymers, because they are made up of many of these repeating molecules.
Monomer: one basic unit or subunit
Polymer: a chain of many basic units

14. What you need to know: Names of the 4 macromolecules
Structure- monomers and polymers of each
Function- what are they used for?
Food sources- what foods will you find these in?
Indicator Tests- what tests do we use to find out if a food contains them?

15. Lipids

16. Lipids: Structure Lipids are made up of…
Monomer (basic unit): fatty acids
Polymer (chain of units): lipids
Specific examples: triglycerides, phospholipids

17. Lipids: Indicator Test
Paper Bag Test:
Smear substance onto paper bag
If see-thru, it contains lipids

18. Proteins

19. Proteins: Structure Proteins are made up of… Monomer (basic unit):
amino acids
20 different kinds!*
Polymer (chain of units): protein
More specifically- polypeptides
dipeptide
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds

20. Proteins: Indicator Test
Biuret’s Solution:
Turns from blue to purple if protein is present

21. Carbohydrates

22. Carbohydrates: Structure
Carbohydrates are made up of…
Monomer (basic unit): simple sugars (or monosaccharides)
Ex.: glucose
Polymer (chain of units): complex carbohydrates (or polysaccharides)
Ex.: starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen
Disaccharide: 2 simple sugars bonded together

23. Carbohydrates: Indicator Tests
Simple Sugars:
Benedict’s solution
Blue solution turns orange/green/brown
Complex Carbs:
Lugol’s solution/Iodine
Turns from orange- red-brown to black- purple

24. Nucleic Acids

25. Nucleic Acids: Structure
Nucleic Acids are made up of…
Monomers (basic unit): nucleotides
Polymers (chain of units): DNA or RNA

26. Nucleic Acids: Indicator Test
You will not be using an indicator test for these but in case you’re wondering…
Dische diphenylamine test
Turns from clear-light blue
to dark blue if nucleic acids
are present

27. Digestion & Reconstruction
When macromolecules are eaten, they are digested and broken down into their subunits (monomers).
Analogy: taking apart an old brick building
Inside the cells, these subunits are reconstructed into the macromolecules we need.
Analogy: using bricks to build a new building