Chapter 3 Socialization Why Is Socialization Important Around the Globe? Social Psychological Theories of Human Development Sociological Theories of Human Development Agents of Socialization

Chapter 3 Socialization Gender and Racial ‑ Ethnic Socialization Socialization Through the Life Course Resocialization Socialization in the Future

Why is Socialization Important? Teaches us the ways of thinking, talking and acting that are necessary for social living. Members of society must be socialized to support the existing social structure. Allows society to pass culture on to the next generation.

Human Development Humans are a product of biology, society and personal experiences. Most human actions, except for reflexes, are social in cause or consequence. Individuals who are isolated as children never fully develop emotionally or intellectually.

Social Psychological Theories of Human Development Freud and the Psychoanalytic Perspective Piaget and Cognitive Development Kohlberg and the Stages of Moral Development Gilligan’s View on Gender and Moral Development

Freud and The Psychoanalytic Perspective Human behavior and personality originate from unconscious forces within individuals. Human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of personality: – Id – Ego – Superego

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development 1. Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) - children understand the world through sensory contact and immediate action. 2. Preoperational stage (age 2 to 7) - children begin to use words as symbols and form mental images.

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Concrete operational stage ( age 7 to 11) - children think in terms of tangible objects and events. Formal operational stage (12 and up) - adolescents begin to think about the future and evaluate different courses of action.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning 1. Preconventional level (ages 7 to 10) Children’s perceptions are based on punishment and obedience. 2. Conventional level (10 through adulthood) People are concerned with how they are perceived by peers and how one conforms to rules.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning 3. Postconventional level (few adults reach this stage) People view morality in terms of individual rights; “moral conduct” is judged by principles based on human rights that transcend government and laws.

Gilligan’s Stages of Female Moral Development Stage 1: A woman is motivated primarily by selfish concerns. Stage 2: She recognizes her responsibility to others. Stage 3: She makes a decision based on her desire to do the greatest good for herself and for others.

Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self Self-concept derived from a 3 step process: 1. We imagine how our personality and appearance will look to other people. 2. We imagine how other people judge the appearance and personality that we think we present. 3. We develop a self-concept.

Mead and Role-taking The self is divided into the “I” and the “Me”: “I” represents the unique traits of each person. “Me” is composed of attitudes and demands of others and the awareness of those demands. “I” develops first. “Me” is formed during three stages of self development.

Mead’s Three Stages of Self-Development 1. Preparatory Stage (up to age 3) Children prepare for role-taking by imitating the people around them. 2. Play Stage (3 - 5) Children begin to see themselves in relation to others.

Mead’s Three Stages of Self-Development 3. Game Stage (early school years) Children understand their social position and the positions of those around them. Children become concerned about the demands and expectations of others.

Agents of Socialization Family Peer Group School Mass Media