1. LEARNING PERSONALITY, MORALITY, AND EMOTIONS Sociology – Chapter 3 – Mrs. Madison

2. Freud & Personality Development  Personality consists of three elements:  Id: Our inborn basic drives Cause us to seek pleasure or self-gratification Demands fulfillment of basic needs – food, attention, safety  Ego: A balancing force between the id and the demands of society We realize we can’t have everything we want  Superego: Cultural values and norms internalized by an individual; the conscience. We realize why we can’t have everything we want Provokes feeling of guilt or shame when we break rules or pride and satisfaction when we follow them

3. Freud & Personality Development  What happens when the id gets out of hand?  What happens when the superego gets out of hand?

4. Freud & Personality Development  Conclusion:  The social group into which we are born transmits norms and values that restrain our biological drives.  Criticisms:  Sociologists object to the view that inborn and subconscious motivations are the primary reasons for human behavior.  Freud’s work presents humans in male terms and devalues women.

5. Kohlberg & Development of Morality  Stages of Moral Development:  Young children begin in the amoral stage Focused on immediate self-gratification Little or no concern for others  Preconventional Stage (Ages 7-10) Have learned rules and how to avoid punishment View right and wrong in terms of what pleases others

6. Kohlberg & Development of Morality  Conventional Stage (Age 10) Morality means following norms and values they’ve learned Begin to assess intention in reaching moral judgments Ex: Stealing  Postconventional Stage People move beyond their society’s norms to consider abstract ethical principles – liberty, freedom, justice Kohlberg believes most people never reach this stage

7. Gilligan – Gender & Morality  Women are more likely to evaluate morality in terms of personal relationships – how an action affects others.  Men tend to think more along the lines of abstract principles– formal rules to define right and wrong.  Researchers have found that both men and women use personal relationships and abstract principles when they make moral judgments.

8. Socialization into Emotions  Global Emotions  Sociologist Paul Ekman concluded that everyone experiences six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.  We all show the same facial expressions when we feel these emotions

9. Socialization Into Emotions  Expressing Emotions  Socialization affects how we express emotion – gender, culture, social class, relationships.

10. Society Within Us  Both the self and emotions mold our behavior  Desire to avoid shame and embarrassment What would happen if I ….? What would ____ think if I…?

11. Summary  Socialization is essential for our development as human beings.  Interaction with others teaches us how to think, reason, and feel.  The “society within us” shapes our behavior- including thinking and emotions