1. Chapter 4
Socialization

2. Chapter Outline Why Is Socialization Important Around the Globe?
Social Psychological Theories of Human Development
Sociological Theories of Human Development

3. Chapter Outline Agents of Socialization
Gender and Racial-Ethnic Socialization
Socialization Through the Life Course
Resocialization
Socialization in the Future

4. Socialization
The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.
Socialization is the essential link between the individual and society.

5. Agents of Socialization
Debate – should children go to school at age 4 (like in NS) or should they be older (like age 7 in Finland)?
First 30 sec response
Split into two groups and brainstorm between 5 and 10 arguments for your side
Research evidence to support arguments

6. These agents consist of family, school, mass media and peers.
The agents of socialization are made up of people that have a impact on our norms, behaviors and values.
These agents consist of family, school, mass media and peers.
The most important agent to an individual is family.
Family helps mold a child's attitude, values and beliefs.
Family is there for the earliest stages of development so it has the greatest impact.
Another agent of socialization is school.
When a child begins school, he/she is first introduced to an environment in which he/she must interact with teachers and students.
They also relay knowledge, create awareness and establish Feelings of tolerance.

7. Agents of Socialization…
Mass media has been increasingly more influential to people.
With TV, the Internet and advertisements everywhere reflecting how you should look and how to act, it is hard to miss it.
When you reach your teenage years, your peers begin to have more impact on your life.
You start to veer away from your family a more and associate with people of the same age group.

8. Why Socialization Is Important
Teaches us ways to think, talk and act that are necessary for social living.
Ensures that members of society are socialized to support the existing social structure.
Allows society to pass culture on to the next generation.

9. How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care?
True or False ?
In the United States, full-day child care often costs as much per year as college tuition at a public college or university.

10. How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care?
True.
Full-day child care typically costs between $4,000 and $10,000 per child per year, which is as much or more than tuition at many public colleges and universities.

11. How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care?
True or False?
The cost of child care is a major problem for many U.S. families.

12. How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care?
True.
Child care outside the home is a major financial burden, particularly for the one out of every three families with young children but with an income of less than $25,000 a year.

13. Human Development Each of us is a product of two forces:
Heredity- “nature”
the social environment -“nurture.”
Biology dictates our physical makeup.
The social environment largely determines how we develop and behave.

14. Question
_____ is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity.
Human development
Socialization
Behavior modification
Imitation

15. Answer: b
Socialization is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity.

16. Maslow’s Hierachy of Needs

17. Freud’s Theory of Personality

18. Freud’s Theory of Personality
Human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of personality: Id
Ego
Superego

20. Erikson and Psychosocial Development: 8 Stages
According to Erikson, each stage is accompanied by a crisis that involves transitions in social relationships:
Trust versus mistrust (birth to age one).
Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 to 3).
Initiative versus guilt (3 to 5).
Industry versus inferiority (6 to 11).

21. Erikson and Psychosocial Development
Identity versus role confusion (12 to 18).
Intimacy versus isolation (18 to 35).
Generativity versus self-absorption (35 to 55).
Integrity versus despair (maturity and old age).

23. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) - children understand the world through sensory contact and immediate action.
Preoperational stage (age 2 to 7) - children begin to use words as symbols and form mental images.

24. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Concrete operational stage (7 to 11) - children think in terms of tangible objects and events.
Formal operational stage (12 and up) - adolescents begin to think about the future and evaluate different courses of action.

26. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
Preconventional level (7 to 10) Children’s perceptions are based on punishment and obedience.
Conventional level (10 to adult) People are concerned with how they are perceived by peers and how one conforms to rules.

27. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
Post-conventional level
Few adults reach this stage
People view morality in terms of individual rights
“moral conduct” is judged by principles based on human rights that transcend government and laws.

29. Gilligan’s Stages of Female Moral Development
Stage 1: A woman is motivated primarily by selfish concerns.
Stage 2: She recognizes her responsibility to others.
Stage 3: She makes a decision based on a desire to do the greatest good for self and for others.

31. Question
According to Sigmund Freud, the _____ consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality. id
ego
super ego
libido

32. Answer: c
According to Sigmund Freud, the super ego consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality.

33. Self-concept
Self-concept is the totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves.
Four components make up our self-concept:
the physical self (“I am tall”)
the active self (“I am good at soccer”)
the social self (“I am nice to others”)
the psychological self (“I believe in world peace”)

34. The Looking-Glass Self
Stage 1: We imagine how we look to others:

35. The Looking-Glass Self
Stage 2: We imagine how other people judge the appearance that we think we present:

36. The Looking-Glass Self
If we think the evaluation is favorable our self-concept is enhanced.

37. The Looking-Glass Self
If we think the evaluation is unfavorable our self-concept is diminished.

38. Mead and Role-taking The self is divided into “I” and “Me”:
“I” represents the unique traits of each person.
“Me” is composed of the demands of others and the awareness of those demands.
“I” develops first. “Me” is formed during three stages of self development.

39. Mead’s Three Stages of Self-Development
Preparatory Stage (up to age 3) Children prepare for role-taking by imitating the people around them.
Play Stage (3 - 5) Children begin to see themselves in relation to others.

40. Mead’s Three Stages of Self-Development
Game Stage (early school years) Children understand their social position and the positions of those around them. Children become concerned about the demands and expectations of others.

41. Agents of Socialization
Family
Peer Group
School
Mass Media

42. Peer Groups
A peer group is a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and (usually) similar age.
Peer groups function as agents of socialization by contributing to our sense of “belonging” and our feelings of self-worth.
Peer groups provide children with an opportunity for successful adaptation to situations such as gaining access to ongoing play, protecting shared activities

43. Question
Which agent of socialization do you think is the most responsible for gender differences in how males and females are socialized?
The family
Religion
The peer group
Education
Mass media

44. Functionalist Perspective: Functions of Schools
Teach students to be productive members of society.
Transmit culture.
Social control and personal development.
Select, train, and place individuals on different rungs in society.

45. Conflict Perspective: Schools
Experiences depend on social class, racial–ethnic background, gender, and other factors.
Children learn to be neat, punctual, quiet, wait their turn, and remain attentive to their work.
Schools socialize children for later roles in the work force.

46. Media As Socializing Agents
Inform us about events.
Introduce us to a variety of people.
Provide an array of viewpoints on current issues.
Make us aware of products that will supposedly help us.
Entertain us.

47. Question
Which media source do you think has the strongest impact on attitudes and behaviors of your generation?
Advertising
Television
Music and music videos
The Internet
Magazines

48. Gender Socialization
The aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society.
Important in determining what we think the “preferred” sex of a child should be and in influencing our beliefs about acceptable behaviors for males and females.

49. Racial Socialization
The aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of one’s racial or ethnic status as it relates to :
personal and group identity
Intergroup and interindividual relationships
position in the social hierarchy

50. Socialization Through the Lifecourse
Each time we experience a change in status (becoming a college student or getting married), we learn a new set of rules, roles, and relationships.
Before we achieve a new status, we often participate in anticipatory socialization, the process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles.

51. Occupational Socialization
Sociologist Wilbert Moore divided occupational socialization into four phases:
Career choice.
Anticipatory socialization (learning aspects of the occupation before entering it).
Conditioning and commitment (learning the occupation and committing to it).
Continuous commitment (remaining committed even when problems arise).

52. Social Devaluation
When a person or group is considered to have less social value than other persons or groups.
Social devaluation is especially acute when people are leaving roles that have defined their sense of social identity and provided them with meaningful activity.

53. Resocialization
Learning a new set of attitudes, values, and behaviors.
Resocialization is voluntary when we assume a new status of our own free will.
Involuntary resocialization occurs against a person’s wishes and generally takes place within a total institution.
Military boot camps, jails, concentration camps, and some mental hospitals are total institutions.

54. Question
All of the following are examples of voluntary resocialization, except:
becoming a student.
going to prison.
becoming a Buddhist.
joining Alcoholics Anonymous.

55. Answer: b
Going to prison is not an example of voluntary resocialization.

56. Quick Quiz

57. 1. Socialization is essential for:
the individual's survival and for human development.
all of the choices.
the survival and stability of society.
society to learn how to reproduce itself.

58. Answer: b
Socialization is essential for the individual's survival and for human development, the survival and stability of society and for society to learn how to reproduce itself.

59. 2. The lifelong practice of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society is called:
socialization
sociological imagination
acculturation
assimilation

60. Answer: a
The lifelong practice of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society is called socialization.

61. 3. Kohlberg's research classified moral reasoning into three sequential levels as follows:
id, ego, superego
imagination, imitation, and simulation
preparatory, play, game
preconventional, conventional, postconventional

62. Answer: d
Kohlberg's research classified moral reasoning into three sequential levels as follows preconventional, conventional, postconventional.

63. 4. The ________ by Charles Horton Cooley refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.
generalized other
reference group self
looking glass self
ego

64. Answer: c
The looking glass self by Charles Horton Cooley refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

65. 5. Agents of socialization include:
mass media
school
all of the choices
the family

66. Answer: c
Agents of socialization include the mass media, school, and the family.