1. Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age
Chapter Three
Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age
Society, The Basics
10th Edition
John J. Macionis

2. Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity
Socialization – the lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their _____ ________.
Personality – a person’s fairly consistent _______ of acting, thinking, and feeling.

3. Human Development: Nature and Nurture
Sociobiology – the role of nature
Elements of society have a _________ root
Behaviorism - the role of nurture
Most of who and what we are as a species is ______, or social in nature

4. Human Development: Nature and Nurture
Biological Sciences
Human Development: Nature and Nurture
Charles Darwin’s study of _______ led to the “nature” argument.
_____ that enhance survival emerge as a species “nature.”

5. Human Development: Nature and Nurture
Social Sciences
Human Development: Nature and Nurture
John Watson developed a theory called behaviorism.
Behavior is not ________, but _______.

6. Social Isolation Research with monkeys
Harry and Margaret Harlow discovered that infant monkeys left in isolation suffered _______ and ________ damage.
Six months of complete _____ was enough to lead to permanent developmental damage.

7. Social Isolation Studies of isolated children
Three children, Anna, Isabelle, and Genie were left in isolation and suffered ________ ___________ _________.
Social experience performs a crucial role in forming personality.
Without social experience, a child is incapable of ______ or meaningful _____

8. Understanding Socialization Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud believed that ______ plays a major role in human development.
Eros (the life instinct) - covers all the self-preserving and erotic instincts.
Thanatos (the death instinct) - covers instincts towards _________ , self-destruction and ________.

9. Understanding Socialization Sigmund Freud
Our _____ ______ or needs as humans are reflected in the concept of id
The ego is the element of the personality representing the demands of society, balancing innate pleasure-seeking drives.
Culture, in the form of the superego, represses selfish demands and demands that individuals become less ___-_______.

10. Understanding Socialization Jean Piaget
Cognitive Development
Understanding Socialization Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget studied human cognition, how people think and understand.
Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development:
(1) The Sensorimotor Stage.
(2) The Preoperational Stage.
(3) The ______ __________ Stage.
(4) The Formal Operational Stage.

11. Understanding Socialization Jean Piaget
Cognitive Development
Understanding Socialization Jean Piaget
Stages of development
Sensorimotor stage
Sensory contact understanding
Preoperational stage
Use of language and other symbols
Concrete operational stage
Perception of ______ _________ in surroundings
Formal operational stage
Abstract, critical thinking

12. Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg
Moral Development
Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg
Kohlberg studied moral reasoning, the ways individuals judge situations as _____ or _____.
Young children experience the world in terms of ____and ________.

13. Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg
Moral Development
Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg
Teens lose their sense of selfishness as they align themselves with broader ______ _____.
Lastly, individuals begin to think about ethical principles beyond ________ norms.

14. Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg
Moral Development
Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg
Pre-Conventional
1. Obedience & punishment orientation
2. Self-interest orientation
Conventional
3. Interpersonal accord and conformity
4. Authority and social-order orientation
Post-Conventional
5. Social contract orientation
6. ________ ________ principles

15. Understanding Socialization Carol Gilligan
Gender Development
Understanding Socialization Carol Gilligan
Gilligan compared the moral development of _____and ____.
The two sexes use different standards of _________.

16. Understanding Socialization Carol Gilligan
Gender Development
Understanding Socialization Carol Gilligan
Boys have a _______ perspective, relying on formal rules.
Girls have a ____ and __________ perspective, relying on personal relationships.

17. Understanding Socialization George Herbert Mead
Theory of Social Self
Understanding Socialization George Herbert Mead
Mead believed social behaviorism explains how _____ ________ creates personality.
Mead’s central concept is the self – the part of the individual’s personality composed of ____-_________ and self-image.
The origin of the self is in social experience.

18. Building on the Social Experience
Theory of Social Self
Understanding Socialization George Herbert Mead
Building on the Social Experience
Recognizing the ________ other:
Widespread norms & ______ people take as their own

19. Understanding Socialization Charles Horton Cooley
Theory of Social Self
Understanding Socialization Charles Horton Cooley
Cooley used the term the looking-glass self – a self-image based on how we think others see us.
Others represent a mirror in which we can see _________.
What we think of ourselves depends on what we think ______ think of us.

20. Understanding Socialization Erik Erikson
Stages of Development
Understanding Socialization Erik Erikson
Erikson felt we face eight _________ throughout the life course.
Success at one stage prepares us for meeting the next.
He assumes all people meet these challenges at exactly the order presented, in ________ ______.

21. Understanding Socialization Erik Erikson – 8 Stages
Stages of Development
Understanding Socialization Erik Erikson – 8 Stages
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
_______ vs. _________
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Ego Integrity vs. Despair

22. Agents of Socialization
The family has the _______ ______ on socialization.
Social Readjustment Scale

23. Agents of Socialization
Race and Class
Racial Identity
Social Class Position
Obedience & conformity (poor) vs. ____ _________& creativity (rich)

24. Agents of Socialization
Schooling enlarges children’s social world’s to include people with ________ ___________.
Socializes children into gender roles.

25. Agents of Socialization
Peer groups – ______ groups whose members have interests, social positions, and ___ in _______.

26. Agents of Socialization
Mass media – ________ communications aimed at a ____ audience.

27. Agents of Socialization
Violence and television
1996: American Medical Association stated _______ on television and films are hard to health
1997: Television rating system adopted

28. Socialization and the Life Course
Learning continues throughout our lives.
Globally, _______ is currently becoming shorter.
The U.S. and other rich societies extend childhood longer than ____societies.

29. Socialization and the Life Course
Adolescence is often a period of _____ and _________ turmoil.

30. Socialization and the Life Course
Adulthood is characterized by early goal setting and _____ ________.

31. Socialization and the Life Course
Old age begins in the ___-______ in the United States.

32. Aging and Culture Gerontocracy
Elderly have influence and respect in ___-income countries
Gerontocracy
A form of social organization in which the elderly have the most ______, ______, and prestige

33. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
Death & Dying – 5 Stages
Denial
______
Negotiation
Resignation
Acceptance

34. Life Course – Patterns and Variations
The life course is a social construction
Stages in life are _______ ___________
Cohort – a category of people with something in common (usually their age)

35. Resocialization: Total Institutions
Two million people experience being confined in ______ or mental hospitals.

36. Resocialization: Total Institutions
Total institution – a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff.
Resocialization – _______ _______ an inmate’s personality by carefully controlling the environment.