Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. National Security Policymaking Chapter 20 Edwards, Wattenberg, and Lineberry Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy Fourteenth Edition
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. ANCIENT GREEK / ROMANS & DE TOCQUEVILLE THOUGHT DEMOCRACIES WOULD FAIL AT FOREIGN POLICY
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. WHO CONTROLS AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY? THE CONSTITUTION PRESIDENT & CONGRESS SHARE FOREIGN POLICY POWERS THE REALITY… THE PRESIDENT DOMINATES
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THE PRESIDENT COMMANDER – IN CHIEF CONGRESS POWER TO DECLARE WAR
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. KOREA – A U.N. POLICE ACTION
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. VIETNAM NOT A WAR- A “Conflict”?
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. PERSIAN GULF I (IRAQ) -NOT A WAR AFGHANISTAN – NOT A WAR IRAQ – NOT A WAR
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. Instruments of Foreign Policy Three types of tools: (UNILATERAL) 1=Military: oldest and still used 2=Economic: becoming more powerful 3=Diplomatic: the quietest of the tools
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. World Stage (MULTILATERAL) – Other Nations – International Organizations United Nations (UN): – Regional Organizations NATO and EU – Multinational Corporations Standard Oil, Google, GM – Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) Greenpeace or Amnesty International – Individuals Actors on Foreign Policy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The Policymakers – The President – The Diplomats Secretary of State – The National Security Establishment Secretary of Defense Joint Chiefs of Staff NSC CIA – Congress – Public Opinion ? The Policymakers of Foreign Policy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The Role of Congress in Foreign Policy Conduct oversight investigations. Ratify treaties. Approve appointments. Make appropriations. Use powers under War Powers Act.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. THE WAR POWERS ACT TROOPS ON FOREIGN SOIL 48 hrs POTUS MUST TELL CONGRESS PRES MUST GET CONGRESSIONAL OK OR WITHDRAW IN 60 DAYS CONSTITIUTIONAL? (NEVER TESTED)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. Theories of Foreign Policy Isolationism, or avoiding foreign entanglement. Unilateralism, or acting without consulting others. Moralism, or placing an emphasis on morality. Pragmatism, or taking advantage of situations for gain.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. Isolationism –George Washington Farewell address Manifest Destiney –USA control from sea to sea American Foreign Policy: History
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. A personification of the United States, leads civilization westward with American settlers, stringing telegraph wire as she sweeps west; she holds a school book. The different stages of economic activity of the pioneers are highlighted
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. Imperialism / Expansionism –Caribbean –Central America –Pacific World War I ( ) –Ended the policy of isolationism (?) American Foreign Policy: History
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American Foreign Policy: History
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The Cold War – Containment Abroad – Anti-Communism at Home ( McCarthyism ) –The Swelling of the Pentagon Arms race – The Korean War – The Vietnam War American Foreign Policy: History
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Figure Cold War Alliances Back
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. American Foreign Policy: History The Era of Détente (1970s) – Détente : relax tensions between superpowers – Strategic Arms Limitations Talks
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American Foreign Policy: History The Reagan Rearmament (1980s) – Strategic Defense Initiative ( “Star Wars”)
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American Foreign Policy: History The ‘New World Order’ –Post Cold War War on Terrorism –Post 9/11 Taliban al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden
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WAR ON TERROR WAR ON TERROR PIRATES
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. Twenty-First Century Challenges Promoting democracy in the Middle East. Resolving conditions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Identifying transnational threats to peace. Awareness of technological warfare.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The Politics of Defense Policy Defense Spending –~1/5 to ~ 1/2 of the federal budget – Conservatives argue against budget cuts – Liberals argue for budget cuts
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The Politics of Defense Policy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. U.S. Defense Spending Back
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The Politics of Defense Policy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. Most Important Problem Back
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The International Economy Interdependency Actions of one nation affects many International Trade Tariffs NAFTA and GATT Balance of Trade Ratio of what is paid for imports to what is earned for exports
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The New Global Agenda
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The International Economy Energy –USA imports about 60 percent, of the oil we use. – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
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The International Economy Foreign Aid Foreign aid used to stabilize friendly nations A substantial percentage is military Foreign aid has never been popular with Americans
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. FOREIGN AID
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GOV’T TSUNAMI AID GIVEN Country GDP In Billions Aid (total) in Millions % of GDP 1Australia518.41, Liechtenstein Qatar Norway Netherlands Canada Republic of Ireland Sweden Finland Hong Kong Saudi Arabia Switzerland Denmark Germany24001, United Kingdom Taiwan293.2 [84] United Arab Em United States10,8802, (Govt )
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. Summary The United States has maintained a sizeable defense capability, from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism. Nuclear proliferation, terrorism, and international economy dictate U.S. foreign policy and international involvement.
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The New Global Agenda