1. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

2. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18 National Security Policymaking Sean Adair/Reuters

3. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18 Learning Objectives Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy. Outline the evolution of and major issues in American foreign policy through the end of the Cold War. 18.1 18.2

4. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18 Learning Objectives Explain the major obstacles to success in the war on terrorism. Identify the major elements of U.S. defense policy. 18.3 18.4

5. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18 Learning Objectives Analyze the evolving challenges for U.S. national security policy. Assess the role of democratic politics in making national security policy and the role of national security policy in expanding government. 18.5 18.6

6. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers  Instruments of Foreign Policy  Actors on the World Stage  The Policymakers 18.1

7. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Instruments of Foreign Policy  Military War, threat of war  Economic Almost as important as war Sanctions, tariffs, regulations  Diplomacy Treaties, summit talks First option 18.1

8. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  International organizations United Nations 18.1 Actors on the World Stage

9. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.1 UN health programs Albert Gonzalez Farran/UNAMID/Handout/Reuters

10. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Regional organizations NATO, EU  Multinational corporations  Nongovernmental organizations  Terrorists  Individuals 18.1 Actors on the World Stage

11. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Policymakers  The President Chief diplomat/Commander in chief Treaties, executive agreements  The Diplomats State Dept./Secretary of State Bureaucratic and intransigent  The National security establishment Joint Chiefs of Staff Secretary of Defense CIA  Congress 18.1

12. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Foreign policy makers 18.1 Sipa usa/Sipa/Newscom

13. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.1 Who's the president's main foreign policy adviser? a.Secretary of state b.Secretary of defense c.Vice president d.Secretary of war 18.1

14. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.1 Who's the president's main foreign policy adviser? a.Secretary of state b.Secretary of defense c.Vice president d.Secretary of war 18.1

15. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War  Isolationism  The Cold War 18.2

16. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Isolationism  Foreign policy doctrine until World War II Monroe Doctrine 18.2

17. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved FIGURE 18.1 U.S. military interventions in Central America and the Caribbean since 1900 18.2

18. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Isolationism  Foreign policy doctrine until World War II League of Nations United Nations 18.2

19. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Cold War  Containment Stop spread of communism Brinkmanship Arms race/MAD 18.2

20. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Berlin Wall 18.2 Corbis

21. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Cold War  The Vietnam War  The Era of détente  The Reagan rearmament  The Final thaw in the Cold War 18.2

22. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Berlin Wall falls 18.2 Lionel Cironneau/AP Images

23. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.2 Why didn't the U.S. join the League of Nations? a.President Wilson refused to sign the treaty. b.The U.S. was not invited to join. c.The Senate refused to ratify the treaty. d.The U.S. did join the League of Nations. 18.2

24. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.2 Why didn't the U.S. join the League of Nations? a.President Wilson refused to sign the treaty. b.The U.S. was not invited to join. c.The Senate refused to ratify the treaty. d.The U.S. did join the League of Nations. 18.2

25. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism  The Spread of Terrorism  Afghanistan and Iraq 18.3

26. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Spread of Terrorism  9/11 not first attack  Difficult to defend against in open society Stealth, surprise, willingness to die Improved security and intelligence Clash with civil liberties 18.3

27. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.3 Reuters; Esam Al-Fetori/Reuters; U.S. Navy/Getty Images Terrorism takes many forms

28. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Afghanistan and Iraq  U.S. declares war on terrorism  Axis of evil Iran, Iraq, North Korea  Nation building  Anti-American sentiments 18.3

29. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.3 Why haven't we yet won the war on terror? a.Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists, despite the killing of Osama bin Laden b.Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it enjoys high-level government support c.Anti-American sentiment has grown in the Muslim world due to U.S. military action in the Middle East d.All of the above 18.3

30. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.3 Why haven't we yet won the war on terror? a.Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists, despite the killing of Osama bin Laden b.Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it enjoys high-level government support c.Anti-American sentiment has grown in the Muslim world to due to U.S. military action in the Mid East d.All of the above 18.3

31. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Defense Policy  Defense Spending  Personnel  Weapons  Reforming Defense Policy 18.4

32. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Defense Spending  Guns v. butter Is there a trade-off?  Ideological disputes Where the real guns v. butter battle takes place Peace dividend v. jobs 18.4

33. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved FIGURE 18.2 Trends in defense spending 18.4

34. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Personnel  Large standing military 1.3 million active duty 821,000 National Guard and reserves 300,000 deployed abroad National Guard maintains national security 18.4

35. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved FIGURE 18.3 Size of the armed forces 18.4

36. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Weapons  Nuclear weapons ICBMs Submarine-launched ballistic missiles Strategic bombers  Weapons are expensive $2 billion to build a stealth bomber $5.5 trillion  Arms reduction treaties 18.4

37. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved INF treaty 18.4 Bettman/Corbis

38. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Reforming Defense Policy  Changing nature of threats Lighter, faster, more flexible Better intelligence Increased use of Special Forces 18.4

39. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.4 How many active duty troops does the U.S. currently maintain? a.847,000 b.562,000 c.1.3 million d.1.2 million 18.4

40. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.4 How many active duty troops does the U.S. currently maintain? a.847,000 b.562,000 c.1.3 million d.1.2 million 18.4

41. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The New National Security Agenda  The Changing Role of Military Power  Nuclear Proliferation  The International Economy  Energy  Foreign Aid 18.5

42. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Changing Role of Military Power  Soft power versus hard power  Humanitarian interventions Increasingly necessary Violate sovereignty Can cost American lives  Economic sanctions Influence behavior without force Cut off aid, trade embargoes Mixed record of success 18.5

43. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nuclear Proliferation  9 nuclear powers United States, Russia, Britain, France, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel How to prevent more? Special concerns about Iran, North Korea, Pakistan 18.5

44. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved FIGURE 18.4 The spread of nuclear weapons 18.5

45. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The International Economy  Interdependency  International Trade Globalization of financial markets Nontariff barriers to trade  Balance of Trade What we buy from them versus what they buy from us $471 billion deficit in 2013 18.5

46. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved McDonaldization 18.5 Liu zhanjun/Imaginechina/AP Images

47. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Energy  OPEC has us over a barrel (of oil) Dependence on foreign oil Trade embargo  Middle East controls world's oil reserves Saudi Arabia 25% Kuwait 10% 18.5

48. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Foreign Aid  Developing world Humanitarian Stabilization Access to raw materials  Forms of foreign aid Grants, credits, loans, loan forgiveness Military assistance Agricultural assistance Medical care  Unpopular 18.5

49. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.5 What percentage of GDP is spent on economic and humanitarian foreign aid? a.3% b.5% c.1% d.10% 18.5

50. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.5 What percentage of GDP is spent on economic and humanitarian foreign aid? a.3% b.5% c.1% d.10% 18.5

51. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Understanding National Security Policymaking  National Security Policymaking and Democracy  National Security Policymaking and the Scope of Government 18.6

52. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved National Security Policymaking and Democracy  Are international relations undemocratic? Citizens not as interested or knowledgeable Decision makers unelected  Policymakers responsive in long run Democracies rarely go to war Congress holds purse strings Pluralism is pervasive 18.6

53. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved National Security Policymaking and the Scope of Government  Superpower status War on terror World's policeman Globalization Global warming  2 million employed in Dept. of Defense 18.6

54. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.6 Why is foreign policy considered undemocratic? a.Policymakers not elected b.Public not as knowledgeable c.Congress plays smaller role d.All of the above 18.6

55. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.6 Why is foreign policy considered undemocratic? a.Policymakers not elected b.Public not as knowledgeable c.Congress plays smaller role d.All of the above 18.6

56. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Discussion Questions How has national security policy evolved since World War II? What effects did the end of the Cold War and the commencement of the war on terrorism have on national security policy? 18