Review of Basic Biology

I. Biochemistry A. Macromolecules of Life Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids (DNA)

I. Biochemistry Carbohydrates –made up of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio –Examples are sugars – glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Lipids –Do not dissolve in water – nonpolar –Examples include vegetable oil, olive oil, beeswax, earwax, and nailpolish –Fats and Steroids are 2 types of Lipids

I. Biochemistry Proteins –Are made up of Amino Acids There are 20 different AAs that produce all the proteins in organisms. They are arranged in many different sequences –Proteins make up Enzymes which are biological catalysts – so they help chemical reactions in the body go faster

I. Biochemistry Nucleic Acids –Are long chains of small, repeating subunits called nucleotides Nucleotide = 5-C sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base –Function is to store genetic information –Examples include DNA and RNA

II. Metabolism A.Photosynthesis – B. Chemosynthesis C. Cellular Respiration

III. Cell Biology Cell Theory 1.All living things are composed of one or more cells. 2.In Organisms, cells are the basic unit of structure and function. 3.Cells are produced only from existing cells.

III. Cell Biology Formation of the Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden – cells compose every part of plants Theodor Schwann – cells compose every part of animals Rudolph Virchow – cells come only from other cells

III. Cell Biology Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells ProkaryoticEukaryotic Simple single celled organisms Either single or multicellular organisms Lack internal membrane- bound organelles Have membrane-bound organelles No nucleusHave a nucleus

Types of Eukaryotic Cells Somatic vs Gamete –Somatic Cells are all body cells excluding sex cells –Gametes are sex cells Plant vs Animal –Plant cells have chloroplasts, a central vacuole, and a cell wall – Animals do not –Animal cells have centrioles – Plants do not

III. Cell Biology A. Organelles –Cell membrane –Cell wall –Nucleus –Mitochondria –Chloroplasts –Cilia/Flagella

IV. Genetics DNA vs RNA DNARNA Double StrandedSingle Stranded Sugar = DeoxyriboseSugar = Ribose Bases = A, T, G, CBases = A, U, G, C Forms ChromosomesForms mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA Cannot Leave the Nucleus Can Leave the Nucleus

V. Levels of Organization Molecular -> (atom – smallest unit of matter) Cellular -> (smallest functional unit of life) Tissues -> a group of cells that perform a similar function Organs -> a collection of tissues joined to serve a common function Organ Systems -> Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific body function

Levels of Organization Organisms -> Populations -> Communities -> Ecosystem -> Biosphere

VI. Diffusion & Osmosis Diffusion Semi-permeable membranes Osmosis –Osmoconformers –Osmoregulators

VII. Temperature Endothermic organisms regulate temperature internally Examples of endotherms: cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians. cetaceanspinnipedssirenians Exothermic organisms temperature regulated by external environment

VIII. Classification Seven major taxa: –Kingdom –Phylum –Class –Order –Family –Genus –Species

Classification Binomial Nomenclature –Genus species ex. Homo sapiens Five major Kingdoms –Kingdom Monera –Kingdom Protista –Kingdom Fungi –Kingdom Plantae –Kingdom Animalia