The Italian States Unite,

Barriers to Italian Nationalism  Prosperous developed north vs. rural agricultural south  Cultural and linguistic disconnect btwn N & S  North = Liberal, South = Conservative  After the Congress of Vienna, Italy was made up of nine different states:  Piedmont-Sardinia (the largest state)  Venetia and Lombardy belonged to Austria  the Pope ruled the Papal States in central Italy  the other states were ruled by foreign princes under Austrian control

Barriers to Italian Nationalism  Geography - mountains split Italy West and East; the Po river, North and South  Illiteracy – as most of the population could not read and write, nationalistic propaganda was difficult to spread  Lack of consensus - Italian states disagreed on a leader and type of government  Lack of European support - European nations felt a strong Italy would interfere with their plans

Factors That Led to Italian Unification  Geography Geographic isolation allows Italy to develop its own ways, customs.Geographic isolation allows Italy to develop its own ways, customs.  History Italians are very proud of their heritage, including the Italian Renaissance.Italians are very proud of their heritage, including the Italian Renaissance. Napoleon’s conquest of Italian states led to a desire not to be conquered again →  Italian unity.Napoleon’s conquest of Italian states led to a desire not to be conquered again →  Italian unity.  Efforts of Three Men: Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour

Giuseppe Mazzini ( ), “Prophet of Italian Unification” Member of the Carbonari. Member of the Carbonari. secretive group that used violence to fight for Italian Unity (terrorists?) 1820 uprising in Two Sicilies : Revolt in Piedmont Both crushed by Austrians Left Carbonari because he saw the group as too secretive and detached from the people

Mazzini 1831 ish: forms Young Italy Nationalist group of middle- class intellectuals Fights for unification of Italian states through popular uprising 1849: Roman Republic Pope out... Mazzini in as leader Ultimately fails. Goes into exile. Unification effort shifts to Sardinia-Piedmont

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour ( ), “Architect of Italian Unification”  Prime Minister under King Victor Emmanuel from – Moderate nationalist – Believed in Realpolitik rather than romantic illusions  Editor of Il Risorgimento – Argued that Sardinia should be the foundation for a unified Italy  Some liberal gov. reforms  The Law on Convents and the Siccardi Law greatly reduced the influence of the Pope

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour ( ), “Architect of Italian Unification”  The Law on Convents and the Siccardi Law greatly reduced the influence of the Catholic Church – Pope Pius IX issues “Syllabus of Errors” (1864) in response  1855: Joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russia  Pact of Plombières (1859) – Napoleon III promises to support Sardinia in a war against Austria for a northern Italian kingdom Sardina gets Venice, Lombardy, Parma, Modena and a few others Sardina gets Venice, Lombardy, Parma, Modena and a few others France gets Savory and Nice France gets Savory and Nice

Austro-Sardinian War of 1859  War started by Austrians after Piedmontese begin mobilizing an army – Ultimatum to Piedmont: Demobilize army of Austria will fight – Piedmont won’t demobilize, Austria declares WAR – France intervenes on Piedmont’s side  Short war, significant battles – Battle of Magenta – Battle of Solferino  Austrians pushed out of Lombardy; forces march into Venetia

Outcomes of War in 1859  Napoleon III signs armistice with Austria – Armistice agreement: Sardinia receives Lombardy Austria keeps Venetia, returns to power in Tuscany, Modena, and Parma Napoleon III gets Nice and Savoy  Italian patriots in Tuscany, Modena, and Parma overthrew Austrian rulers and asked to be annexed to kingdom of Sardinia – 1860: Cavour annexes Parma, Modena, Romagna, and Tuscany with French support

Italian States by Sardinia-Piedmont 2Venetia 3Papal States 4Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Giuseppe Garibaldi ( ), “The Sword of Italian Unification”  Garibaldi was a Romantic Nationalist like his friend Mazzini.  Cavour distrusts Garibaldi, but Victor Emmanuel II encourages him.  Garibaldi and the Red Shirts led the Nationalist effort in the South. – May 1860: Invaded Sicily – Sept. 1860: Takes Naples and Two Sicilies  Garibaldi handed over all conquered lands to Victor Emmanuel.

Italy is born!  February 1861: Victor Emmanuel declared King of Italy  1866: Italy supports Prussia in Austro-Prussian War – Austria is defeated. Italy gets Venice  1871: Italy gets Venice as a result of an alliance with Bismarck – France had just lost to Germany in the Franco- Prussian War. Could not defend the Papal States

Summary 1Mazzini forms New Italy; failed attempts at revolting (1830s, 1840s) 2Cavour & Napoleon III make Pact of Plombières, Austro-Sardinian War, Austro-Prussian War, Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour 6French Troops Leave Rome, 1870 Italy is United Under Victor Emmanuel II

More Problems ahead for Italy  Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy is a constitutional monarch. – Right to vote is limited to upper and middle class property holders. Bribery and corruption rife in lower classes Bribery and corruption rife in lower classes – Many Catholics refuse to participate in new nation (as did the Pope). Some Italian speaking areas were not united with the central government. Some Italian speaking areas were not united with the central government.  Social, cultural and economic gap between Industrial North and Agrarian South – Prices were high, people could not afford manufactured goods.  Some felt Italy should become a world power and fight for colonies.