1. Garibaldi

2.  Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and loyalty that causes people to think of themselves as a nation.  During the 19 th and 20 th centuries, nationalism was a powerful force that could: powerful force that could:  Create one nation from many separate countries (ex. Italy and Germany)  Break one nation up into many countries (ex. Austria-Hungary, and Turkey)

3.  Nationalism can be a cause of war (ex. WWI and WWII)  It has encouraged colonies to seek independence from their colonizers. (ex. India, Indonesia, and countries in Africa)  Nationalism can take many different forms but certain factors need to be present for it to grow.

5.  Italy was divided into several states.  Italy did not threaten the balance of power in Europe.  After the Congress of Vienna, Italy was made up of nine different states:  Piedmont-Sardinia (the largest state)  Venetia and Lombardy belonged to Austria  the Pope ruled the Papal States in central Italy  the other states were ruled by foreign princes under Austrian control

6.  Geography - mountains split Italy West and East; the Po river, North and South  Illiteracy – as most of the population could not read and write, nationalistic propaganda was difficult to spread  The Pope - felt a united Italy would lessen his rights in the papal states  Lack of consensus - Italian states disagreed on a leader and type of government  Lack of European support - European nations felt a strong Italy would interfere with their plans

7.  Geography Italy is isolated Italy is isolated The Alps are to the North, surrounded by oceans. The Alps are to the North, surrounded by oceans. Geographic isolation allows Italy to develop its own ways, customs. Geographic isolation allows Italy to develop its own ways, customs.  History Italians are very proud of their heritage, including the Italian Renaissance. Italians are very proud of their heritage, including the Italian Renaissance. Napoleon’s conquest of Italian states led to a desire not to be conquered again  Italian unity. Napoleon’s conquest of Italian states led to a desire not to be conquered again  Italian unity.  Efforts of Three Men: Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour

8.  He was a member of the Carbonari.  The Carbonari were a secret group which used violence to obtain what it wanted.  He formed Young Italy, made up of young people whose job it was to arouse enthusiasm for a united nation.  Tried revolution but it failed.

9.  Count Camillo di Cavour was the “architect” (planner) of Piedmont-Sardinia’s revolt against Austria.  This revolt encouraged other Italian states to revolt.

10.  Garibaldi first invaded Sicily, then urged them to join Piedmont-Sardinia under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel.  Garibaldi handed over all conquered lands to Victor Emmanuel.

11.  The Addition of the Papal States:  Victor Emmanuel conquers the Papal States; stops  Garibaldi’s advance.  Unification nears completion.  1860: elections were held in all of Italy, except Venetia and Rome. Venetia and Rome.  1861: in the city of Turin, representatives of a united nation formed a parliament and proclaimed the establishment of Italy under Victor Emmanuel II. nation formed a parliament and proclaimed the establishment of Italy under Victor Emmanuel II.

13.  Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy is a constitutional monarch.  Right to vote is limited to upper and middle class property holders.  Many Catholics refuse to participate in new nation (as did the Pope).  Bribery and corruption were frequent in poor, uneducated lower classes.  Some Italian speaking areas were not united with the central government.  Some felt Italy should become a world power and fight for colonies.  Italy lacked industrial development, agriculture, and natural resources.  Prices were high, people could not afford manufactured goods.