Spain’s Catholic Crusades ( ) Spain’s Catholic Crusades ( ) Wars of Phillip II Wars of Phillip II French Civil Wars ( ) French Civil Wars ( ) The Thirty Years War ( ) The Thirty Years War ( ) These were not just religious wars although religion was central in all of them. These were not just religious wars although religion was central in all of them. Political, social, and economic factors were also involved. Political, social, and economic factors were also involved. Phillip II of Spain

Ended several decades of conflict between Catholics and Lutherans in Germany that had begun with the Lutheran Reformation Ended several decades of conflict between Catholics and Lutherans in Germany that had begun with the Lutheran Reformation German princes were allowed to choose the religion of their principality. They could choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism. German princes were allowed to choose the religion of their principality. They could choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism. Most principalities in northern Germany chose Lutheranism. Most principalities in northern Germany chose Lutheranism. In the south most returned to or remained Catholic. In the south most returned to or remained Catholic. Individuals in the states had to follow the official religion or could leave to another state. Individuals in the states had to follow the official religion or could leave to another state. The Peace was doomed from the beginning because it excluded other protestant denominations, especially Calvinism. The Peace was doomed from the beginning because it excluded other protestant denominations, especially Calvinism.

The Spread of Lutheranism

The Religious Divisions of Europe in 1555

Phillips territory included Spain, the Netherlands, Parts of Italy, Portugal, territories in France, and other colonies in the New World and other places. He was staunchly Catholic and wanted to return all of his territories in Europe to Catholicism. He also feared the growing threat of the Ottoman Turks as they began encroaching on European territory from SE Europe in the Balkans.

Spanish Empire in 1555 Controlled by the Hapsburgs

The political, economic, and social nerve center of Spain’s Empire was the Escorial, near Madrid.

The Escorial Palace

A Section of the Monastery and Gardens ( One of the largest religious establishments in the world.

The Escorial’s Library Over 4,700 rare manuscripts. Over 4,700 rare manuscripts. Many illuminated manuscripts. Many illuminated manuscripts. Over 45,000 books. Over 45,000 books.

Philip II Died in this Bed

The Crypt Area

The Crypt of Philip II

The Dutch Revolt in the Netherlands Several provinces in the northern part of the Netherlands had become predominantly Calvinists. Several provinces in the northern part of the Netherlands had become predominantly Calvinists. The Dutch prospered in the 16 th century and had developed a huge commercial fleet. Amsterdam was also a strong center of finance and banking. The Dutch prospered in the 16 th century and had developed a huge commercial fleet. Amsterdam was also a strong center of finance and banking. They resented the heavy taxation by the Spanish and the growing commercial competition. They resented the heavy taxation by the Spanish and the growing commercial competition. Phillip sought to crush Calvinism and return the territory to Catholicism. These provinces were very tolerant of others and resented Phillip’s incursions. Phillip sought to crush Calvinism and return the territory to Catholicism. These provinces were very tolerant of others and resented Phillip’s incursions. In the 1560’s revolts broke out against Spanish rule. In the 1560’s revolts broke out against Spanish rule.

The Dutch Revolt in the Netherlands In 1567, Phillip responded by sending the ruthless Duke of Alva to crush the revolts. In 1567, Phillip responded by sending the ruthless Duke of Alva to crush the revolts. The Duke instituted a “reign of terror” that lasted six years and thousands of Calvinists were executed. The Duke instituted a “reign of terror” that lasted six years and thousands of Calvinists were executed. Led by William of Orange the seven northern provinces continued to resist. In 1579, created the Union of Utrecht. Led by William of Orange the seven northern provinces continued to resist. In 1579, created the Union of Utrecht. In 1581 they declared themselves independent from Spain. In 1581 they declared themselves independent from Spain. The southern ten provinces were subdued by the Spanish and remained under Spanish control. The southern ten provinces were subdued by the Spanish and remained under Spanish control.

The Dutch Revolt in the Netherlands The Dutch and Spanish continued to fight off and on but in 1609 a truce was declared which signaled Spanish acceptance of the Netherland’s independence. It became official in The Dutch and Spanish continued to fight off and on but in 1609 a truce was declared which signaled Spanish acceptance of the Netherland’s independence. It became official in The ten southern provinces later gained independence and are today Belgium. The ten southern provinces later gained independence and are today Belgium. The Dutch had received aid from Queen Elizabeth I during their revolts because she feared Spanish incursions into England. The Dutch had received aid from Queen Elizabeth I during their revolts because she feared Spanish incursions into England. This lead to an attempted Spanish invasion of England in This battle would change the course of European and world history. This lead to an attempted Spanish invasion of England in This battle would change the course of European and world history.

The Battle of Lepanto – 1571 Spain’s Armada crushed an Ottoman navy off the coast of Greece. Spain’s Armada crushed an Ottoman navy off the coast of Greece. The victory halted the Ottoman advance in southern Europe and ended their threats in the Mediterranean. The victory halted the Ottoman advance in southern Europe and ended their threats in the Mediterranean.

DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA u In 1588 Spain attempted to invade England in order to remove Elizabeth I from power. u The Spanish Armada consisted of 130 ships and thousands of soldiers. u The English navy and storms destroyed or damaged most of the ships in the armada. u Out of the original 130 Spanish ships only 67 returned to Spain. No English ships were lost u The defeat led to the rapid decline of Spanish power in the 17th century. u English wealth, power and prestige increases and it becomes a European and world power in the 17 th century.

After the Reformation France remained a predominantly Catholic country. 90% With over 16 million people over 90% were Catholic. A large portion of the nobility became Calvinists known in France as Huguenots (10% of French population). Conflict between the two religions led to over three decades of civil war. Catherine de Medici The Valois king Henry II was physically strong but politically weak. He was married to Catherine de Medici and had 3 sons who would eventually succeed him.. Francis II In 1559 Henry II is unexpectedly killed when a lance pierced his visor during a joust. Francis II, his 15 year old son assumes the throne regent. His mother Queen Catherine de Medici acts as his regent. She would be the power behind the throne for the next thirty years. By 1562, open warfare between French Catholics and Huguenots erupts.

Francis II , (born 1544) Charles IX, (born 1550) Henry III, (born 1551)

Guise Lacking a strong King, French politics becomes a power struggle between two aristocratic factions: Guise and the Bourbon

Bourbon Family Huguenots French Calvinists Guise Family Extremist Catholics Valois Dynasty Moderate Catholics Religion

The Duke of Guise’s niece, Mary Queen of Scots, marries the young King Francis II.

Francis II , (born 1544)

Charles IX, (born 1550)

King Charles IX falls under the influence of Huguenot leaders and his sister plans to marry another Huguenot leader, Henri of Navarre

Charles wants to support the protestants in the Netherlands against the Spanish but would put France in direct conflict with Spain.

Wedding of Henry of Navarre to daughter of Catherine de Medici in Paris Wedding of Henry of Navarre to daughter of Catherine de Medici in Paris Leading French Huguenots are invited Leading French Huguenots are invited An ambush leads to 3,000 Huguenots being slaughtered in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre An ambush leads to 3,000 Huguenots being slaughtered in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Within 3 days 20,000 Huguenots are killed throughout the provinces. Within 3 days 20,000 Huguenots are killed throughout the provinces.

Catherine convinces Charles that a Huguenot retaliation is imminent. He attempts to form a moderate Catholic faction as an alternative to the Guise. This leads to the War of the Three Henry’s

Henry III Henry of Guise Henry of Navarre Henry III has Henry Guise assassinated in Dec Henry III has Henry Guise assassinated in Dec The Guise family retaliates by having Henry III assassinated in July The Guise family retaliates by having Henry III assassinated in July This leaves only Henry of Navarre standing. He establishes the Bourbon dynasty and makes peace among the religious factions. This leaves only Henry of Navarre standing. He establishes the Bourbon dynasty and makes peace among the religious factions.

Peter Paul Rubens, Triumphal Entry of Henri IV into Paris

Gave the over 1 million Huguenots:Gave the over 1 million Huguenots: Freedom of public worshipFreedom of public worship The right of assemblyThe right of assembly Admission to public offices and universitiesAdmission to public offices and universities Permission to maintain fortified towns Significance – created a state within a state. This problem would not be solved until Louis XIVSignificance – created a state within a state. This problem would not be solved until Louis XIV