1. THE EUROPEAN WARS OF RELIGION c. 1560-1660

2. Philip II (r. 1556 – 1598) Son of Charles V Son of Charles V Ruled Spanish & Portuguese Empires, Netherlands and Southern Italy. Ruled Spanish & Portuguese Empires, Netherlands and Southern Italy. Strongest military power in the world. Strongest military power in the world.

3. El Escorial , reflected Philip’s religious and military convictions.  New royal palace/fortress (and monastery and mausoleum) in shape of grill, reflected Philip’s religious and military convictions.

4. Catholic Crusade Philip II fanatically seeks to reimpose Catholicism in Europe. Philip II fanatically seeks to reimpose Catholicism in Europe. Takes on Calvinists in his Netherlands territories. Takes on Calvinists in his Netherlands territories. Fights against Protestant England due to Elizabeth I’s support of the Dutch Fights against Protestant England due to Elizabeth I’s support of the Dutch Takes on Muslim Turks power in the Mediterranean. Takes on Muslim Turks power in the Mediterranean.

5. The Dutch Revolt Calvinist Netherlands resented foreign rule by Spain (both on religious, economic, and political grounds). Calvinist Netherlands resented foreign rule by Spain (both on religious, economic, and political grounds). Philip II sends the Duke of Alva to suppress revolt. 1567-1572 reign of terror killing thousands of rebels. Philip II sends the Duke of Alva to suppress revolt. 1567-1572 reign of terror killing thousands of rebels. Duke of Alva

6. The Dutch Revolt 1579, seven northern provinces form Union of Utrecht to continue fight. 1579, seven northern provinces form Union of Utrecht to continue fight. William I (William of Orange) (1533- 1584), led 7 provinces against Inquisition and revolt against rule of Philip II. He was assassinated in 1584. William I (William of Orange) (1533- 1584), led 7 provinces against Inquisition and revolt against rule of Philip II. He was assassinated in 1584. Struggle continued to 1609; 12-year truce enacted; Defacto Dutch independence formally recognised in P of W in 1648. Struggle continued to 1609; 12-year truce enacted; Defacto Dutch independence formally recognised in P of W in 1648.

7. England v. Spain Queen Mary Tudor (Philip’s wife) reimposes Catholicism in England. Queen Mary Tudor (Philip’s wife) reimposes Catholicism in England. Alliance with England ends with death of Mary in 1558 and the accession of Elizabeth. Alliance with England ends with death of Mary in 1558 and the accession of Elizabeth. Queen Elizabeth I reverses Mary’s edicts Elizabeth helps Protestant Netherlands gain independence from Spain. Queen Elizabeth I reverses Mary’s edicts Elizabeth helps Protestant Netherlands gain independence from Spain. Philip plots to reimpose Catholicism in England Philip plots to reimpose Catholicism in England

8. Elizabeth I Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603) championed Protestant causes in Europe. Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603) championed Protestant causes in Europe. England was an unlikely foe to Spain (lost possessions in Europe, had no overseas possessions) England was an unlikely foe to Spain (lost possessions in Europe, had no overseas possessions) Elizabeth carefully crafted her image to instill the love of her people. Elizabeth carefully crafted her image to instill the love of her people. Elizabeth supported the Dutch Revolt and English privateers regularly attacked Spanish colonial shipping. Elizabeth supported the Dutch Revolt and English privateers regularly attacked Spanish colonial shipping.

9. The Armada, 1588 Philip II attempts to invade England to end Protestant resistance. Philip II attempts to invade England to end Protestant resistance. Fleet attempts to pick up Spanish troops in the Netherlands for invasion. Fleet attempts to pick up Spanish troops in the Netherlands for invasion. Armada is harassed by smaller, better armed and more manuverable English fleet Armada is harassed by smaller, better armed and more manuverable English fleet

10. The Armada, 1588 The combination of better English seamanship and bad weather (“the Protestant Wind”) defeated the Spanish. The combination of better English seamanship and bad weather (“the Protestant Wind”) defeated the Spanish. Forced to return home via northern route, half the fleet lost. Forced to return home via northern route, half the fleet lost. Marked the beginning of the end of Spanish power; leads to rise of Netherlands, England and France. Marked the beginning of the end of Spanish power; leads to rise of Netherlands, England and France.

11. The French Wars of Religion - Catholic and Huguenots Despite the spread of Reformation ideas, France remained a largely Catholic nation. Despite the spread of Reformation ideas, France remained a largely Catholic nation. Of a total of 16 million (in the late 16 th century) 1.2 million embraced Calvinism. Of a total of 16 million (in the late 16 th century) 1.2 million embraced Calvinism. A large portion of French nobility were Calvinists. A large portion of French nobility were Calvinists. Conflict between the groups led to three decades of civil war on religious and political issues. Conflict between the groups led to three decades of civil war on religious and political issues.

12. Henry II (r. 1547-1559) Henry was a large, powerful man; but a weak-willed king. Henry was a large, powerful man; but a weak-willed king. He persecuted Huguenots. He persecuted Huguenots. Henry II severely punished them, burning them alive or cutting out their tongues for speaking their Protestant beliefs. Even those suspected of being Huguenots could be imprisoned for life. Henry II severely punished them, burning them alive or cutting out their tongues for speaking their Protestant beliefs. Even those suspected of being Huguenots could be imprisoned for life. He was killed in a jousting tournament. He was killed in a jousting tournament.

13. Catherine de’ Medici After Henry II’s death in a jousting match, Catherine used her position as Regent to influence her three sons who would serve as king. After Henry II’s death in a jousting match, Catherine used her position as Regent to influence her three sons who would serve as king. Francis II (r. 1559-1560), Charles IX (r. 1560-1574) and Henry III (r. 1574-1589) ruled under the influence of Catherine, but could not stop the spreading Huguenot influence. Francis II (r. 1559-1560), Charles IX (r. 1560-1574) and Henry III (r. 1574-1589) ruled under the influence of Catherine, but could not stop the spreading Huguenot influence.

14. St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre Open warfare began between the Catholics lead by the Guise family and the Huguenots lead by the Bourbon family in 1562. Open warfare began between the Catholics lead by the Guise family and the Huguenots lead by the Bourbon family in 1562. First eight years of fighting ended in 1570. First eight years of fighting ended in 1570. Catherine still feared Huguenot power and ordered their massacre on Aug. 24 1572. Catherine still feared Huguenot power and ordered their massacre on Aug. 24 1572.

15. War of the Three Henrys (1585-89) Following the massacre, Henry of Navarre (a Bourbon) emerged as Huguenots leader. Following the massacre, Henry of Navarre (a Bourbon) emerged as Huguenots leader. His opponents were the Catholic Guise family and Henry III, the 3 rd son of Henry II His opponents were the Catholic Guise family and Henry III, the 3 rd son of Henry II Both Henry Guise and Henry III were assassinated Both Henry Guise and Henry III were assassinated Henry of Navarre was the only one left with a legitimate claim to the throne. He became Henry IV in 1589. Henry of Navarre was the only one left with a legitimate claim to the throne. He became Henry IV in 1589.

16. Henry IV (r. 1589-1610) First Bourbon king of France. First Bourbon king of France. Was a Huguenot, but converts to Catholicism. Was a Huguenot, but converts to Catholicism. Brings peace to the warring factions. Brings peace to the warring factions. Issues the Edict of Nantes in 1589, granting limited toleration to the Huguenots. Issues the Edict of Nantes in 1589, granting limited toleration to the Huguenots.

17. The Thirty Years War - Origins of the Conflict Peace of Augsburg of 1555 brought truce to warring religious factions in the Holy Roman Empire. Peace of Augsburg of 1555 brought truce to warring religious factions in the Holy Roman Empire. The agreement only recognized Catholics and Lutherans (leaving out Calvinists). The agreement only recognized Catholics and Lutherans (leaving out Calvinists). Calvinists began to make gains in a number of states and began demanding rights. Calvinists began to make gains in a number of states and began demanding rights. Direct cause of the fighting was a conflict in Bohemia. Direct cause of the fighting was a conflict in Bohemia.

18. Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625 In 1619, Ferdinand II (Hapsburg) became Holy Roman Emperor. In 1619, Ferdinand II (Hapsburg) became Holy Roman Emperor. His election alarmed Calvinists in Bohemia since Ferdinand was a strong supporter of the Catholic cause. His election alarmed Calvinists in Bohemia since Ferdinand was a strong supporter of the Catholic cause. Roman Catholic officials ordered the end of construction of some Protestant chapels on land which the Catholic clergy claimed belonged to them. Roman Catholic officials ordered the end of construction of some Protestant chapels on land which the Catholic clergy claimed belonged to them. Protestants protested and said this was a violation of the right of freedom of religious expression (Letter of Majesty) that had been granted in 1609 by Emperor Rudolf II. Protestants protested and said this was a violation of the right of freedom of religious expression (Letter of Majesty) that had been granted in 1609 by Emperor Rudolf II.

19. The Defenestration of Prague On May 23, 1618, an assembly of Protestants tried two Imperial governors for violating the Letter of Majesty. On May 23, 1618, an assembly of Protestants tried two Imperial governors for violating the Letter of Majesty. They were found guilty, and thrown out of the high windows of the Bohemian Chancellery. They were found guilty, and thrown out of the high windows of the Bohemian Chancellery.

20. The Defenestration of Prague They fell some 50 ft, and they landed on a large pile of manure. They all survived. They fell some 50 ft, and they landed on a large pile of manure. They all survived. Roman Catholic Imperial officials claimed that they survived due to the mercy of the benevolent angels assisting the righteousness of the Catholic cause. Roman Catholic Imperial officials claimed that they survived due to the mercy of the benevolent angels assisting the righteousness of the Catholic cause. Protestant pamphleteers asserted that their survival had more to do with the horse excrement in which they landed than the benevolent acts of the angels. Protestant pamphleteers asserted that their survival had more to do with the horse excrement in which they landed than the benevolent acts of the angels.

21. Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625 Taking control of Prague, the Calvinists deposed Ferdinand and elected a new king. Taking control of Prague, the Calvinists deposed Ferdinand and elected a new king. Emperor Ferdinand II attacked and defeated the Protestants. Emperor Ferdinand II attacked and defeated the Protestants. If the fighting had ended here, perhaps the Holy Roman Empire could have begun centralizing as other European powers were. But it was not to be..... If the fighting had ended here, perhaps the Holy Roman Empire could have begun centralizing as other European powers were. But it was not to be.....

22. Danish Phase, 1625-1629 King Christian IV of Denmark intervened on the side of the Protestants against Ferdinand II. King Christian IV of Denmark intervened on the side of the Protestants against Ferdinand II. But again Ferdinand II and the Catholics triumphed. But the fighting is not yet done.... Albrecht von Wallenstein

23. Swedish Phase, 1630-1635 Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus became the new defender of the Protestant cause. Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus became the new defender of the Protestant cause. In 1630, the Swedes invaded Germany. In 1630, the Swedes invaded Germany. Later that year, Catholic France signed a alliance with Protestant Sweden, entering the war against the Hapsburgs. Later that year, Catholic France signed a alliance with Protestant Sweden, entering the war against the Hapsburgs. What had begun as a religious war now took political overtones. What had begun as a religious war now took political overtones. Gustavus Adolphus

24. Swedish Phase, 1630-1635 During the early stages the Swedes won several victories, but Gustavus Adolphus was killed in 1632. During the early stages the Swedes won several victories, but Gustavus Adolphus was killed in 1632. Each side in the conflict was exhausted from years of fighting. Each side in the conflict was exhausted from years of fighting. In 1635, the Treaty of Prague brought an end to the Swedish phase of the war and strengthened the position of the emperor compared to that of the princes. In 1635, the Treaty of Prague brought an end to the Swedish phase of the war and strengthened the position of the emperor compared to that of the princes.

25. French Phase, 1635-1648 Settlement reached in the Treaty of Prague was wrecked by the French decision to directly intervene. Settlement reached in the Treaty of Prague was wrecked by the French decision to directly intervene. Cardinal Richelieu, Chief Minister of Louis XIII wanted to weaken Hapsburg power and gain territory. Cardinal Richelieu, Chief Minister of Louis XIII wanted to weaken Hapsburg power and gain territory. Cardinal Richelieu

26. French Phase, 1635-1648 The French relied on the German princes and Swedes to lead the fight in Germany, while France moved against the Hapsburg Philip IV of Spain. The French relied on the German princes and Swedes to lead the fight in Germany, while France moved against the Hapsburg Philip IV of Spain. The war continued to ravage Germany, with no side gaining the upper hand until the French defeated the Spanish and became more directly involved. The war continued to ravage Germany, with no side gaining the upper hand until the French defeated the Spanish and became more directly involved. Ferdinand II died in 1637 and was succeeded by his son, Ferdinand III (r. 1637-1657). Ferdinand II died in 1637 and was succeeded by his son, Ferdinand III (r. 1637-1657). Peace negotiations began in 1641, but made little progress until the death of Richelieu in 1642 and the French occupation of Bavaria in 1646. Peace negotiations began in 1641, but made little progress until the death of Richelieu in 1642 and the French occupation of Bavaria in 1646.

27. Peace of Westphalia, 1648 Treaty of Westphalia ended the 30 yrs. War. Treaty of Westphalia ended the 30 yrs. War. France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (Prussia) gained territory. France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (Prussia) gained territory. Settlement formally recognized the independence of Switzerland and Dutch Republic. Settlement formally recognized the independence of Switzerland and Dutch Republic. Granted German states the right to make treaties and alliances, further weakening the HRE. 300+ German states became sovereign. Granted German states the right to make treaties and alliances, further weakening the HRE. 300+ German states became sovereign. Religious rights guaranteed in Peace of Augsburg expanded to Calvinists. Religious rights guaranteed in Peace of Augsburg expanded to Calvinists.

28. Effects of the Conflict Germany physically devastated (as much as 1/2 of pop. in certain areas perished). Germany physically devastated (as much as 1/2 of pop. in certain areas perished). Religious wars come to an end. Religious wars come to an end. France becomes the predominant power in Europe. France becomes the predominant power in Europe. New rules of international affairs established (modern nation-state becomes supreme). New rules of international affairs established (modern nation-state becomes supreme).