“The Big 7” Contemporary Psychological Perspectives  Most common ways psychologists view behavior  Emphasize different influences that shape behavior  Focus on different topics to further investigate the differing interpretations of psychology

Learning/Behavioral Perspective  Subject matter/forces that influence Environmental Learning Observational Learning  Major belief Personal experience and reinforcement guide individual development ○ What you do, not what you know ○ You recognize when circumstances call for certain behavior

Learning/Behavioral Perspective  Ivan Pavlov-dogs learned to salivate at sound of bell  John Watson-Little Albert experiment  B.F. Skinner-Skinner box experiments  Edward Thorndike-Puzzle boxes with cats. Trial & error learning

Psychoanalytic Perspective  Subject matter/forces that influence Unconscious processes Early childhood experiences Observational learning  Major belief Unconscious motives influence behavior ○ Sexual and aggressive impulses

Psychoanalytic Perspective  Sigmund Freud-unconscious desires & conflicts  Carl Jung-collective unconsciousness  Alfred Adler-inferiority complex  Karen Horney “horn-eye”-parental indifference/child’s perception

Cognitive Perspective  Subject matter/forces that influence Interpretation of mental images Thinking Language Values, perceptions, and choices  Major belief Perceptions and thoughts influence behavior Computer analogy

Cognitive Perspective  Elizabeth Loftus-Memory/eyewitness testimony  George Miller-”Magic number 7” chunking memory  Herman Ebbinghaus-maintenance rehearsal

Biological Perspective  Subject matter/forces that influence Nervous system Glands and hormones Genetic factors  Major belief Biological processes influence behavior and mental processes.

Biological Perspective  Franz Gall-Localization of mental functions in brain  James Olds & Peter Milner-electrodes in rats’ brains/”pleasure center”  Wilder Penfield-electro brain stimulation/sensor & motor maps  Paul Broca & Carl Wernicke-language centers in brain

Evolutionary Perspective  Subject matter/forces that influence Physical traits/ Inherited tendencies Social behavior  Major belief Adaptive organisms survive and transmit their genes to future generations ○ Evolution of behavior and mental processes ○ Inherited tendencies influence people

Evolutionary Perspective  Charles Darwin-father of evolution  Thomas Bouchard-twin studies  Nancy Pedersen-twin studies  Dmitry Belyaev-silver fox breeding  David Buss-mating strategies/gender differences

Humanistic Perspective  Subject matter/forces that influence Self concept/self fulfillment  Major belief People make free and conscious choices based on their unique experiences ○ Importance of self-fulfillment, consciousness, self-awareness, and choices ○ We “invent” ourselves

Humanistic Perspective  Carl Rodgers-free choice, self-concept  Abraham Maslow-hierarchy of needs, self actualization

Sociocultural Perspective  Subject matter/forces that influence Ethnicity Gender (cultural expectations & social roles) Culture Socioeconomic status  Major belief Sociocultural, biological, and psychological factors create individual differences

Sociocultural Perspective  John Williams & Deborah Best-sexual stereotypes, masculinity/femininity  Soloman Asch-social conformity  Lev Vygotsky-a child's development is a direct result of his or her culture

Big 7 Review  Perspectives (match letter to following statements) A-Learning/Behavioral B-Psychoanalytic C-Cognitive D-Biological E-Evolutionary F-Humanistic G-Sociocultural

Big 7 Review Statements  1. Jamal is 13 and very moody. His parents think it is because of his raging hormones.  2. Melissa didn’t talk to anyone Friday night because she thought that everyone hated her.  3. Jose hits all the girls in class because he unconsciously loves them all.

 4. Chris is unable to get good grades because he is having problems at home.  5. William usually avoids everyone from the suburbs.  6. Diana gets $5 each week for cleaning her room. Diana loves cleaning.  7. Basha is very outgoing like her mother and brother.  Who thinks that they got a perfect score?

Answers  1-D BiologicalJamal/hormones  2-C CognitiveMelissa/thought  3-B Psychoanalytic Jose/unconsciously  4-F HumanisticChris/home  5-G SocioculturalWilliam/suburbs  6-A BehavioralDiana/$  7-E EvolutionaryBasha/mom&brother

Big 7 Review  Alcoholism as an example…possible views… A-Learning/Behavioral-learned from parents B-Psychoanalytic-repressed anger C-Cognitive-lots of booze is normal D-Biological-chemical imbalance E-Evolutionary-genetic predisposition F-Humanistic-chose booze over jogging/karate G-Sociocultural-drinking more acceptable in culture