1. What do Psychologists Do?

2. Clinical Psychologists Help with anxiety, depression, relationships, drug abuse, weight issues etc… Help clients overcome and adjust to their problems Cannot prescribe medicine

3. Counseling Psychologists Help people make difficult decisions about their careers or making friends Help to clarify goals and resolve conflict

4. School Psychologist Help students with problems that interfere with learning. May give tests to identify learning disabled students or academically gifted students

5. Educational Psychologists Help with course planning and instructional methods May help create standardized tests (SAT)

6. Developmental Psychologist Study changes that occur throughout a person’s life span. (Physical, emotional, cognitive & social development)

7. Personality Psychologist Identify characteristics, or traits Interested in why people have certain personality traits.

8. Social Psychologists Concerned with people’s behavior in social situations Usually focus on external influences for behavior

9. Experimental Psychologists Usually biologically based experiments (nervous system, sensation, & perception)

10. Others Industrial/organizational, environmental, consumer, forensic, & health psychologists.

11. The History of Psychology Roots from Ancient Greece: Early explanations for behavior: punishment from the gods. Hippocrates:1 st to say behavior is caused by abnormalities in our biology. Socrates: Introspection- “looking within” to understand your thoughts and feelings.

12. Aristotle: Association-experiences often remind us of similar experiences in the past. Example: Seeing the face of a loved one makes us feel secure Believed that people were motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain

13. The Middle Ages Common belief that mental illness was a sign of being demon possessed. “Tests” were done to prove this Example: Water-float tests.

14. The Birth of Modern Science Scientific Revolution gave rise to modern psychology. Using laboratories to study behavior using the scientific method.

15. Wilhelm Wundt Founder of structuralism Structuralism: we experience the world objectively (sight, sound) and subjectively (emotions, thoughts)

16. William James Founder of Functionalism Functionalism: how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment.

17. John B. Watson Founder of behaviorism and defined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior

18. B.F. Skinner Reinforcement: if an animal is reinforced, or rewarded, for an action, it is more likely to perform that action again in the future

19. The Gestalt School Gestalt means “shape” or “form” Argued that humans see things as a whole not in parts.

20. Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis: importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior Gained understanding of human behavior through patients Believed that the unconscious was sexual and aggressive and controlling conscious behavior

21. Biological Perspective Emphasizes the influence of biology on our behavior. Connection between the events in the brain, behavior, & mental process. Hormones: Affect functions like growth & digestion Genes: deal with heredity, influence personality, traits, psychological health, & various behavior patterns.

22. Humanistic Perspective Stresses human capacity for self- fulfillment & the importance of consciousness, self awareness, and the capacity to make choices. Free to choose our own behavior View people as basically good Explores feelings, management of negative impulses, & realization of potential.

23. Cognitive Perspective Emphasizes the role that thoughts play in determining behavior. Cognitive psychologists study mental processes to understand human nature. People’s behavior is influenced by their values, perception, & choices.

24. Evolutionary Perspective Focuses on the evolution of behavior & mental processes Charles Darwin believed physical & behavioral traits can be inherited which can help us to survive. Evolutionary psychologists believe that our inherited tendencies influence how we act.

25. Psychoanalytic Perspective Focuses on the thought that human behavior is influenced by unconscious forces & early childhood experiences. Pent up aggressive impulses demand and outlet. (bottled up anger causes future explosions)

26. Learning Perspective Emphasizes the effect of experience on behavior Environmental influences, learning habits through repetition & reinforcement

27. Sociocultural Perspective Studies the influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, & socioeconomic status on behavior & mental processes

28. Chapter 2 Section 1: Conducting Research Ask a Question: based on daily experience, psychological theory, folklore and common knowledge.

29. Form a hypothesis: an educated guess on what you think the outcome will be.

30. Test the hypothesis Gather information, examine info, is info sufficient to test hypothesis?

31. Analyze results of test: What do the findings mean?

32. Draw a conclusion: was the hypothesis correct? Can it be replicated?

33. ACTIVITY Create a poster that uses the first letter of each step. Create a catchy saying that will help you remember the order. You must take up the entire paper, it must have one drawing relevant to the saying, colorful, no drug or sexual references, write the steps over at the bottom of the page.

34. Surveys Gathering Information by asking people directly. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pf70Hgl UMYA

35. Population and samples Target population: whole group you want to study or describe. Sample: only part of the target population is sampled

36. Random Sample Random sampling: individuals are selected by chance from the target population.

37. Stratified Sample Stratified sample: subgroups in the population are represented proportionally in the sample.

38. Volunteer Bias Bias: a predisposition to a certain point of view Volunteer bias: they often have a different outlook from people who do not volunteer for research studies.

39. Methods of observation Testing method: Intelligence, aptitude, & personality tests Case-study: an in depth investigation of an individual or a small group. Longitudinal method: researchers select a group of participants and then observe those participants over a period of time.

40. Naturalistic-Observation Method: studying something in its natural setting. ****This type of method only describes, not explains**** http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIS RlatcmX0

41. Laboratory-Observation method: observe behavior in a lab rather than in the field http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX_oy9614HQ

42. Analyzing Observations Correlation: measure of how closely one thing is related to another.

43. Positive and Negative Correlations Positive correlations: as one variable goes up, the other variable also goes up. (also, if both go down) Negative correlation: as one variable goes up, the other variable goes down.

44. Correlational Limits Correlation describes relationships. It does not reveal cause and effect.

45. Experimental Method Variables: factors that can vary, or change. Independent variable: the factor that researchers manipulate so they can determine its effect. Dependent variable: depends on something----The independent variable.

46. Experimental and Control Groups Experimental Group: receive the treatment. Control group: do not receive treatment.

47. Placebo Effect Placebo: substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person’s belief in it. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHt SD4oU2Ro

48. Single-Blind & Double-Blind Studies Single-Blind: participants do not know whether they are in the experimental group or the control group. Double-Blind: participants and experimenters are unaware of who receives the treatment.

49. Ethics Ethics are standards for proper and responsible behavior. Confidentiality: records are private between the psychologist and patient Informed Consent: people agree, or consent, to participate after given a general overview of the experiment.

50. Research with Animals No ethical guidelines in place for testing animals.