Classifying Living Things

Classification Classification is the process of grouping things based on their shared traits. Classification is the process of grouping things based on their shared traits. Biologists use classification to organize living things into groups, so that the organisms are easier to study Biologists use classification to organize living things into groups, so that the organisms are easier to study The scientific study of how living things are classified is called taxonomy. The scientific study of how living things are classified is called taxonomy.

Classification System Carolus Linnaeus is the Swedish scientist who developed a classification system based on the organisms’ observable features. Carolus Linnaeus is the Swedish scientist who developed a classification system based on the organisms’ observable features. Linnaeus’s naming system is called binomial nomenclature because each organism is given a two part name. Linnaeus’s naming system is called binomial nomenclature because each organism is given a two part name.

Binomial Nomenclature The first part of the organism’s name is its genus. This is a classification grouping that contains similar, closely related organisms. The first part of the organism’s name is its genus. This is a classification grouping that contains similar, closely related organisms. The second part of the organism’s name is its species. A species is a group of similar organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring. The second part of the organism’s name is its species. A species is a group of similar organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring.

Seven Levels of Classification Today’s classification system uses several levels to classify organisms. The more characteristics that organisms have in common, the more level they share. Today’s classification system uses several levels to classify organisms. The more characteristics that organisms have in common, the more level they share. Kingdom Kingdom Phylum Phylum Class Class Order Order Family Family Genus Genus Species Species

Dichotomous Keys Taxonomist have developed special guides know as dichotomous keys to aid in identifying unknown organisms. Taxonomist have developed special guides know as dichotomous keys to aid in identifying unknown organisms. A dichotomous key consists of several pairs of descriptive statements that have only two responses. A dichotomous key consists of several pairs of descriptive statements that have only two responses.

Branching Diagrams Branching diagrams show the close evolutionary relationships between organisms. Branching diagrams show the close evolutionary relationships between organisms. As characteristics differ, branches in the diagram form. As characteristics differ, branches in the diagram form.

Cladograms

5 Kingdoms of Organisms Bacteria (Monera) Bacteria (Monera) Archeabacteria Archeabacteria Eubacteria Eubacteria Protists Protists Fungi Fungi Plants Plants Animals Animals

Bacteria (Monera) : Archeabacteria: : Archeabacteria: Single celled (simple) Single celled (simple) Found in extreme environments like hot boiling water; oceans; salt marshes Found in extreme environments like hot boiling water; oceans; salt marshes Eubacteria: Eubacteria: Single celled (simple) Single celled (simple) Very common and found everywhere. Very common and found everywhere. Streptococci (strep throat)

Protists Single Celled Single Celled Complex Cells Complex Cells Protozoa and algae are protists. Protozoa and algae are protists. Sometimes they are called the odds and ends kingdom because its members are so different from one another. Protists include all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not animals, not plants and not fungi. Sometimes they are called the odds and ends kingdom because its members are so different from one another. Protists include all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not animals, not plants and not fungi.

Fungi Most fungi are multicellular and consists of many complex cells Most fungi are multicellular and consists of many complex cells Fungi cannot make their own food. Fungi cannot make their own food. Examples: Examples: Mushrooms Mushrooms Mold Mold Mildew Mildew Some fungi taste great and others can kill you!

Plants Plants are all multicellular and consist of complex cells Plants are all multicellular and consist of complex cells With over 250,000 species, the plant kingdom is the second largest kingdom. With over 250,000 species, the plant kingdom is the second largest kingdom. Examples: Examples: Flowering plants Flowering plants Mosses Mosses Ferns Ferns Plants make their own food using energy and sunlight. Plants make their own food using energy and sunlight. Without plants, life on Earth would not exist! Plants feed almost all the heterotrophs (organisms that eat other organisms) on Earth. Wow!

Animals The animal kingdom is the largest kingdom with over 1 million known species. The animal kingdom is the largest kingdom with over 1 million known species. All animals are multicellular and consist of many complex cells. All animals are multicellular and consist of many complex cells. Animals are heterotrophs. (organisms that eat other organisms.) Animals are heterotrophs. (organisms that eat other organisms.)

Seven Levels of Classification Today’s classification system uses several levels to classify organisms. The more characteristics that organisms have in common, the more level they share. Today’s classification system uses several levels to classify organisms. The more characteristics that organisms have in common, the more level they share. Kingdom Kingdom Phylum Phylum Class Class Order Order Family Family Genus Genus Species Species

Subdivisions King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti Kingdom (Broadest/Largest) Kingdom (Broadest/Largest) Phylum Phylum Class Class Order Order Family Family Genus Genus Species (Most specific/Smallest) Species (Most specific/Smallest)

Levels of Classification Sumatran Tiger Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae, Genus: Pathera, Species: tigris

VERTEBRATES All animals WITH a Backbone are called Vertebrates. All animals WITH a Backbone are called Vertebrates. 5 Vertebrate Groups: 5 Vertebrate Groups: Amphibians: Frog, Toad, Salamander Amphibians: Frog, Toad, Salamander Birds: Eagle; Cardinal, Robin Birds: Eagle; Cardinal, Robin Fish: Goldfish, Clownfish, Shark Fish: Goldfish, Clownfish, Shark Mammals: Lion, Dogs, Humans, Whales Mammals: Lion, Dogs, Humans, Whales Reptiles: Snake, Lizard, Alligator Reptiles: Snake, Lizard, Alligator

INVERTEBRATES All animals WITHOUT a Backbone are called Invertebrates. All animals WITHOUT a Backbone are called Invertebrates. Groups of Invertebrates Groups of Invertebrates Ocean Invertebrates: Jellyfish, Coral, Sponges Ocean Invertebrates: Jellyfish, Coral, Sponges Worms Worms Arthropods Arthropods Insects: Ant, ladybug, honey bee, grasshopper Insects: Ant, ladybug, honey bee, grasshopper Crustaceans: Lobster, Crab, Shrimp Crustaceans: Lobster, Crab, Shrimp Spiders and Scorpions Spiders and Scorpions

Button Experiment 1. Sort the buttons by color. Record how many groups you made and how many buttons were in each group. 2. Take your largest group and sort that group into 2 groups. (group with 2 hole; group with all others.) Record groups and number of buttons in each group. 3. Now separate that same group into 3 groups. (2 holes; 4 holes; all others). Record groups and number of buttons in each group. 4. Now see if you can separate that same group of buttons into 4 or more groups. Explain how the buttons are grouped and how many buttons you had in each group.

Interactive Notebook Button Experiment Student side (left side): Record your groups from the button experiment. Student side (left side): Record your groups from the button experiment. Example: Example: 1. Green-6; Blue-4; Black-7; White-3 1. Green-6; Blue-4; Black-7; White-3 2. Black Group: 2 holes-3; All others-4 2. Black Group: 2 holes-3; All others-4 3. Black Group: 2 holes-3; 4 holes-1; All others-3 3. Black Group: 2 holes-3; 4 holes-1; All others-3 4. Groups made: Square-10; round-5; triangle-8; rectangle-6 4. Groups made: Square-10; round-5; triangle-8; rectangle-6 Teacher side (right side): Glue vocabulary list for classifying living things unit) Teacher side (right side): Glue vocabulary list for classifying living things unit)

Study List For Test Study all vocabulary words. Study all vocabulary words. Name all 5 kingdoms, cell type, example of organism in each Name all 5 kingdoms, cell type, example of organism in each Know 7 levels of classification in order (King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti) Know 7 levels of classification in order (King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti) Know the highest and lowest levels of classification Know the highest and lowest levels of classification Know which levels are used for scientific naming Know which levels are used for scientific naming Know how plants make food Know how plants make food Vertebrates and examples Vertebrates and examples Invertebrates and examples Invertebrates and examples