World War I – Beginnings Chapters 27.1 – 27.2

Causes of World War I Nationalism Nationalism Many feared Germany’s growing power in EuropeMany feared Germany’s growing power in Europe Many ethnic groups resented domination by others and hoped for independenceMany ethnic groups resented domination by others and hoped for independence Imperialism Imperialism As Germany industrialized, it competed with France and Britain for coloniesAs Germany industrialized, it competed with France and Britain for colonies Militarism Militarism By 1890, Germany had become the strongest nation in Europe By 1890, Germany had become the strongest nation in Europe France, Italy, Japan and the U.S. quickly joined the naval arms raceFrance, Italy, Japan and the U.S. quickly joined the naval arms race If one country mobilized, others would mobilize in self- defenseIf one country mobilized, others would mobilize in self- defense Alliance System Alliance System Triple Entente, or AlliesTriple Entente, or Allies Triple Alliance, or Central PowersTriple Alliance, or Central Powers Germany tried to remain neutral with Russia – creating the Three Emperors’ League, and later the Reinsurance TreatyGermany tried to remain neutral with Russia – creating the Three Emperors’ League, and later the Reinsurance Treaty

An Assassination Leads to War Conflict arose in the Balkan Peninsula – known as the Balkan “powder keg” Conflict arose in the Balkan Peninsula – known as the Balkan “powder keg” Serbia wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina to create a larger Slavic state Serbia wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina to create a larger Slavic state June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand is shot in Sarajevo, Bosnia June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand is shot in Sarajevo, Bosnia Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an ultimatum Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an ultimatum

Mobilization of Europe July 28, Austria- Hungary declared war on Serbia July 28, Austria- Hungary declared war on Serbia Aug. 1: Germany declares war on Russia; Aug 3: Germany declares war on France Aug. 1: Germany declares war on Russia; Aug 3: Germany declares war on France Belgium had promised to remain neutral in all European wars in 1839 – wouldn’t help any belligerents Belgium had promised to remain neutral in all European wars in 1839 – wouldn’t help any belligerents Britain declared war on Germany and Austria- Hungary after they invaded Belgium Britain declared war on Germany and Austria- Hungary after they invaded Belgium

The War Expands August – Japan enters the war August – Japan enters the war Italy remained neutral for 10 months Italy remained neutral for 10 months May 1915 – Italy entered the war against Germany Austria-Hungary May 1915 – Italy entered the war against Germany Austria-Hungary Germany had persuaded the Ottoman Empire to fight alongside them Germany had persuaded the Ottoman Empire to fight alongside them

The Belligerents Soldiers felt the war would be very quick Soldiers felt the war would be very quick Central Powers: Central Powers: Germany, Austria- Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman EmpireGermany, Austria- Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Allied Powers: Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, RussiaGreat Britain, France, Russia

World War I - Alliances

The War Introduces New Hazards Tanks and airplanes helped begin an era of mechanized warfare Tanks and airplanes helped begin an era of mechanized warfare The Germans used U-boats to control the seas The Germans used U-boats to control the seas Machine guns and long-range artillery began to be used Machine guns and long-range artillery began to be used The new weapons and tactics of World War I led to horrific injuries and dangers: The new weapons and tactics of World War I led to horrific injuries and dangers: Surrounded by filth, lice, rats and polluted waterSurrounded by filth, lice, rats and polluted water Suffered from lack of sleepSuffered from lack of sleep “Shell Shock”“Shell Shock” “Trench Foot”“Trench Foot” “Trench Mouth”“Trench Mouth”

WWI - Injuries

Promoting War Soldiers in WWI were mostly drafted civilians Soldiers in WWI were mostly drafted civilians “Total War” “Total War” Governments used propaganda to stir patriotism Governments used propaganda to stir patriotism

The Early Years of the War Aug 3, 1914 – Germany enacts the “Schlieffen Plan” Aug 3, 1914 – Germany enacts the “Schlieffen Plan” France and Britain defeated Germany in the Battle of the Marne France and Britain defeated Germany in the Battle of the Marne By spring of 1915, two parallel systems of trenches crossed France By spring of 1915, two parallel systems of trenches crossed France Russia mobilized their troops on the Eastern Front Russia mobilized their troops on the Eastern Front August 1914 – Battle of Tannenberg August 1914 – Battle of Tannenberg Germany launched an offensive into Russian Poland Germany launched an offensive into Russian Poland

Continued Fighting 1915 – Britain and France decide to take Constantinople 1915 – Britain and France decide to take Constantinople British and French troops bombarded the Turks on the Gallipoli Peninsula British and French troops bombarded the Turks on the Gallipoli Peninsula After 8 months, the Allies abandoned Gallipoli After 8 months, the Allies abandoned Gallipoli

Naval Warfare British blockaded the North Sea British blockaded the North Sea Germany used its U-boats to set up its own blockade on Britain Germany used its U-boats to set up its own blockade on Britain Woodrow Wilson warned Germany Woodrow Wilson warned Germany May 1916 – Battle of Jutland May 1916 – Battle of Jutland The trench warfare created a war of attrition The trench warfare created a war of attrition

The United States and WWI America began to trade with the Allies more than the Central powers – ships were seized if they carried contraband America began to trade with the Allies more than the Central powers – ships were seized if they carried contraband British propaganda about German atrocities angered Americans British propaganda about German atrocities angered Americans The Zimmerman Note pushed America even closer towards war The Zimmerman Note pushed America even closer towards war 4 unarmed American merchant ships were sunk as the Germans declared Britain a “war zone” 4 unarmed American merchant ships were sunk as the Germans declared Britain a “war zone” March, 1917 – Russian monarchy replaced with a representative government March, 1917 – Russian monarchy replaced with a representative government April 6, 1917 – American officially declares war on Germany April 6, 1917 – American officially declares war on Germany