Scientific Revolution

Expermentation Relied on Greek and Roman explanations Renaissance thinkers started to question these theories Developed Scientific Method:

Sciences/Mathematics & Instruments Calculus, astronomy, physics, & anatomy = major discoveries Instruments - Barometer – measure air pressure - Microscope – investigate small objects - Telescope – see distant objects - Thermometer – temperature

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543) Astronomer Heliocentric (sun – centered) model of the solar system Went against Aristotle’s & Ptolemy’s geocentric (earth – centered) theory Few believed his theory

Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) Developed laws of planetary motion - Elliptical orbits

Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) Italian astronomer Telescope 1610 published findings Church calls findings heresy - forced to recant his findings Gravity and speed of fallen objects - all objects fall at same speed w/o air friction

Isaac Newton (1643 – 1728) Laws of universal gravitation - Universe viewed as a large machine, operating according to certain rules

Anatomy Andreas Vesalius, 1543 - Published several volumes filled with descriptions and illustrations of body systems William Harvey, 1628 - Circulatory system and importance of the heart

Biology - Chemistry Antoni Leeuwenhook - discovered bacteria using a microscope Study of Chemistry - composition of matter & how it changes - elements being identified

Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) All assumptions should be questioned “I think therefore I am” Discourse of Method, 1637 - Only certain things are true w/o facts to prove them Use of reason --- rationalism

Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626) Lots of Experimentation Inductive thinking - Specific observation to general assumptions - Ex: Ice is cold, All ice is cold

Spread of Knowledge

Use the timeline “Major Steps in the Scientific Revolution” on page 626-627 to answer the following. _____1. Who wrote “The Nature of the Sun and Earth”? A. Bacon B. Copernicus C. Coste Blanche _____2. Who invented the microscope? A. Janssen B. Harvey C. Galileo _____3. Who made their invention LAST? A. Torricelli B. Janssen C. Fahrenheit _____4. How many years passed between the invention of the microscope and it’s use to find bacteria? A.150 B.160 C.174 _____5. What country did not establish a group dedicated to science study? A. France B. England C. America _____6. Why did Galileo face an inquisition? A. He supported Copernicus’s theory B. He supported Bacon’s theory C. None _____7. Who developed the Heliocentric theory? A. Copernicus B. Vesalius C. Bacon _____8. Who invented the mercury thermometer? A. Fahrenheit B. Boyle C. Newton _____9. What year did Newton publish his law of gravity? A. 1687 B. 1670 C. 1720 _____10. Who discovered how the human heart works? A. Descartes B. Torricelli C. Harvey _____11. Who published their theory FIRST? A. Harvey B. Copernicus C. Janssen _____12. Who did not publish a science related article? A. Galileo B. Descartes C. Torricelli _____13. Who did not invent a new technology? A. Janssen B. Kepler C. Torricelli _____14. Newton published the law of gravity? A. True B. False _____15. Galileo was an author and an inventor? A. True B. False

Read the following passage and answer the related questions. With sincere heart and unpretended faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies [of Copernicus] and also every other error….contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert….anything that might cause a similar suspicion toward me. Galileo Galilei as quoted in “The Discoverers” _____1. What suspicion is it he wants to prevent? A. That he agrees with the church B. That he disagrees with the church C. That he is a god _____2. Why is he apologizing? A. Because he has said something contrary to the church B. Because he left the church C. He is dying _____3. What does “contrary” mean? A. Goes along with B. Agrees with C. Does not go along with _____4. What does he promise NOT to do? A. Say or do anything that goes against the church B. Believe in the church C. Join or forgive the church _____5. What scientist did Galileo support that got him into trouble? A. Copernicus B. Galilei C. Holy Church _____6. What word was NOT used to describe Galileo’s feeling? A. Detest B. Error C. Sad _____7. What would this be considered? An apology B. A poem C. A song True or False ____________________8. Galileo is apologizing for his beliefs in this statement. ____________________9. Galileo promises to continue his research – even if it is contrary to the church. ____________________10. The Church liked with Galileo’s work.