Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. BIOLOGY A GUIDE TO THE NATURAL WORLD FOURTH EDITION DAVID KROGH Transport and Exchange 1: Blood and Breath

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Cardiovascular System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. The Cardiovascular System Includes heart, blood vessels, blood, and bone marrow tissue in which red blood cells are formed. Transports to and from the body’s cells. –oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, wastes, and immune system cells and proteins.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Transport and Exchange System Figure 29.1 Digestive system transforms food into a form that can be transported throughout the body. Urinary system filters bodily fluids, removes waste while conserving water and other materials. Cardiovascular system transports materials to and from all other systems. Respiratory system moves O 2 into, and CO 2 out of the body.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Composition of Blood

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. The Composition of Blood Figure 29.2 blood sample formed elements plasma 55% 99.9% 0.1% 45% Formed elements Plasma Red blood cellsWhite blood cellsPlatelets Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets 92% 7% 1% Water Plasma proteins Other solutes

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. The Composition of Blood Red blood cells –carry oxygen to cells –and carbon dioxide from cells White blood cells –immune system Platelets –blood-clotting

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Transport Cells Figure 29.3

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Plasma Blood plasma is 92% water Other plasma compounds include proteins, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and electrolytes.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Vessels

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Blood Vessels Arteries—blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart Veins—blood vessels returning blood to the heart Capillaries—smallest blood vessels; connect arteries with veins

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Blood Vessels Figure 29.4 epithelium artery capillary vein muscle connective tissue epithelium muscle connective tissue

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Capillary Beds Figure 29.7 artery capillary bed vein epithelial cells of capillary wall tissue cells interstitial fluid CO 2 wastes venule arteriole O 2 glucose

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. One-Way Flow to the Heart Figure 29.8 Valves allow blood to go forward but not backward valve open valve closed muscles contracted muscles relaxed

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Heart and Blood Circulation

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. The Heart and Blood Circulation Heart’s contractions pump blood out to the body Two blood circulation loops –Pulmonary circulation— blood circulates between heart and lungs –Systemic circulation—blood circulates between heart and the body

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. The Heart and Blood Circulation Figure 29.5 pulmonary circulation (to lungs) systemic circulation (to all tissues) superior vena cava inferior vena cava The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body. pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins systemic arteries systemic veins The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The pulmonary and systemic circulation networksThe circulation of blood through the heart Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cavae. The right atrium pumps blood into the right ventricle, which contracts, pumping blood to the lungs. Blood is delivered to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins. Blood then moves into the left atrium which pumps it into the left ventricle. Powerful contractions of the left ventricle force blood into the aorta. From the aorta, blood is distributed to the rest of the body.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. The Heart and Blood Circulation Four muscular chambers: –Right atrium and right ventricle for pulmonary circulation –Left atrium and left ventricle for systemic circulation

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings What is a Heart Attack?

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Critical Vessels Figure 29.6 superior vena cava right coronary artery left main coronary artery left anterior descending coronary artery pulmonary artery aorta site of blockage damaged heart muscle blood clot core of oxidized LDL molecules

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Respiratory System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. The Respiratory System Respiratory system takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Controls pH balance in bloodstream and produces sounds for speaking.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. The Respiratory System The respiratory system includes: –the lungs, the nose, nasal cavity, and sinuses –the pharynx (upper throat) –the larynx (voice box) –the trachea (windpipe) –the conducting passageways, called bronchi and bronchioles, that lead to the lungs

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. The Respiratory System Figure 29.9 sinuses pharynx esophagus right lung diaphragm nasal cavity trachea left lung left bronchus bronchioles vein artery alveolus capillary network larynx Anatomy of the lungs The structure of alveoli A bronchiole and its alveoli

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Steps in Respiration

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Ventilation Figure inhalationexhalation respiratory cycle lungs ribs diaphragm Elevation of rib cage and contraction of diaphragm decrease pressure in the lungs, causing air to flow in. Depression of rib cage and elevation of diaphragm increase pressure in lungs causing air to flow out.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Gas Exchange in the Body Figure O2O2 capillary tissue cell CO 2 air out air in O2O2 alveolus in lung CO 2