International Organizations and globalization

International organizations Governmental Governmental Members: states Members: states Statute: international agreement Statute: international agreement Permanent organs Permanent organs Common goals of members Common goals of members Non Governmental (NGO) Non Governmental (NGO) Members: natural or Members: natural or legal persons Statute: private law agreement Statute: private law agreement Permanent organs Permanent organs Common goals of members Common goals of members

International organizations Global Global - aimed to cover all of the states Example: - United Nations - World Trade Organization Local Local - aimed to cover some states Example: - regional: Council of Europe - functional: NATO

Governmental organization - definition Form of international cooperation Form of international cooperation Permanent character Permanent character Based on multilateral international agreement Based on multilateral international agreement Permanent members: states and sometimes international organizations (European Community is a member of WTO) Permanent members: states and sometimes international organizations (European Community is a member of WTO) Permanent organs with specific competences Permanent organs with specific competences Established to achieve common goals Established to achieve common goals

Governmental organization Created by states and based on the states’ decisions Created by states and based on the states’ decisions Member states decide on legal personality of the organization (in the statute) Member states decide on legal personality of the organization (in the statute) If legal personality is granted, organization becomes a legal person in international law If legal personality is granted, organization becomes a legal person in international law

Atributes of international organization as a legal person ius tractatuum – right to conclude international agreements ius tractatuum – right to conclude international agreements ius legationis – right to diplomatic relations: to send and receive diplomatic missions ius legationis – right to diplomatic relations: to send and receive diplomatic missions ius standi – right to international claims and international responsibility ius standi – right to international claims and international responsibility

Governmental organizations in globalization Two major points of view: 1. Organizations take over the role of the states and become most important actors on international (global) scene 2. Organizations support the states and must adjust to new situation (globalization)

Increasing role of governmental organizations more international relations in globalization era more international relations in globalization era states need more forms of international cooperation states need more forms of international cooperation international organizations, especially those with common membership, such as UN can help managing the challenges of globalization, if they are prepared for that international organizations, especially those with common membership, such as UN can help managing the challenges of globalization, if they are prepared for that

United Nations Established in San Francisco in 1945 by 50 states Established in San Francisco in 1945 by 50 states

United Nations Based on the United Nations Charter („constitution” of international law) Based on the United Nations Charter („constitution” of international law)

UNITED NATIONS Headquarters in New York Headquarters in New York

United Nations Is a legal person in international relations Is a legal person in international relations Common membership: today 192 members Common membership: today 192 members Membership in the United Nations is open to all peace-loving states which accept the obligations of the Charter and, in the judgement of the Organization, are willing and able to carry out these obligations. (art. 4 of the UN Charter)

Goals of the United Nations: to maintain international peace and security; to maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations; to develop friendly relations among nations; to cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; to cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these ends to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these ends (art. 1 of the UN Charter)

Two main bodies of the UN General AssemblySecurity Council

General Assembly a "parliament of nations" a "parliament of nations" representation of all the members representation of all the members each Member State has one vote each Member State has one vote voting by 2/3 majority in important matters (peace and security, budget) voting by 2/3 majority in important matters (peace and security, budget) annual regular session from September to December annual regular session from September to December

Security Council 15 Council members: 15 Council members: China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States — permanent members China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States — permanent members other 10 are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms other 10 are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security meets at any time, whenever peace is threatened meets at any time, whenever peace is threatened all Member States are obligated to carry out the Council's decisions. all Member States are obligated to carry out the Council's decisions.

UN in globalization – reform discussion „ If the UN is to be a useful instrument for its Member States and for the world’s peoples… it must be fully adapted to the needs and cuircumstances of the 21st century” „In Larger Freedom” Kofi Annan 2005 Secretary – Ban Ki Mun

Main failures of the United Nations: War in Iraq (intervention in contrary to the Security Council vote) War in Iraq (intervention in contrary to the Security Council vote) Tutsi – Hutu conflict in Rwanda (UN didn’t take sufficient actions to prevent the humanitarian disaster) Tutsi – Hutu conflict in Rwanda (UN didn’t take sufficient actions to prevent the humanitarian disaster) „Oil for Food” program (corruption in the UN structures) „Oil for Food” program (corruption in the UN structures) War against terrorism – (major role played by the US not UN) War against terrorism – (major role played by the US not UN)

UN REFORM The pace of today's globalized world means that change is a constant, and this is no different for the United Nations. The demands by Member States of the UN and its Secretariat, agencies, funds and programmes have grown enormously. The UN is expected to deliver more services in more places than ever before to the world's people who are most in need.

UN REFORM 1996: Secretary-General-designate Kofi Annan outlines goals for term: to make the United Nations leaner, more efficient and more effective, more responsive to the wishes and needs of its Members and more realistic in its goals and commitments.

UN REFORM 1997: The Secretary-General issues his report on "Renewing the United Nations: A Programme for Reform„ 2000: The "Road map towards the implementation of the UN Millennium Declaration" is issued. 2004: The Peacebuilding Commission established 2005: „In Larger Freedom Report” Ethics Office established Human Rights Council established 2006: United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy adpoted

UN REFORM - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 1. Counter-terrorism strategy - a unique global instrument that will enhance national, regional and international efforts to counter terrorism. 2. Peacebuilding Commission - established “to marshal resources at the disposal of the international community to advise and propose integrated strategies for post-conflict recovery, focusing attention on reconstruction, institution-building and sustainable development, in countries emerging from conflict.”

UN REFORM - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 3. Human Rights Council - designed to allow for a more rigorous implementation and monitoring of human rights, replacing the Human Rights Commission. 4. Ethics Office Ethics Office - responsible for managing and overseeing the new Whistleblower protection and revised financial disclosure policies, as well as the development of Ethics training programmes for staff.

UN REFORM - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS Discussion about the UN reform continues. Latest proposals include organizational issues: more countries represented in Security Council more countries represented in Security Council strengthening of the UN bodies including Secretariat strengthening of the UN bodies including Secretariat

Non – Governmental Organizations  Very active in globalization movement  Play important role in globalization discussions  Support international conferences  Serve as experts to United Nations work  „consultative status” by United Nations

NGOs in globalization Human Rights NGOs: Human Rights NGOs: Amnesty International Amnesty International International Red Cross International Red Cross Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch Anti-globalization / Alter -globalization NGOs: Anti-globalization / Alter -globalization NGOs: International Forum on Globalization International Forum on Globalization Corporate Watch Corporate Watch Friends of the Earth Friends of the Earth

„the debate on the nature of the global institution is and always will be ideological, because it is part of a larger debate on the future of the global society” Maurice Bertrand 1995 EJIL

Important vocabulary Governmental organization Non-governmental organization Common goals Membership Diplomatic relations International responsibility United Nations Charter Security Council General Assembly Peace and security