Rwanda, Humanity and UN By Derek C. Department of Finance Director of Academic Affairs

Location

Profile of Republic of Rwanda A landlocked country in the Great Lakes region of east- central Africa A landlocked country in the Great Lakes region of east- central Africa Border Border Kigali Kigali

Profile of Republic of Rwanda 9 million people 9 million people Densest human populations in continental Africa Densest human populations in continental Africa Subsist on agriculture Subsist on agriculture

Race and History The Hutu group arrived in Rwanda from the Congo basin (85%) The Hutu group arrived in Rwanda from the Congo basin (85%) The Tutsi populations arrived from Ethiopia (15-18%) The Tutsi populations arrived from Ethiopia (15-18%)

Race and History Complexion Complexion The narrow noses and tall features The narrow noses and tall features Monopoly of the so-called superior white race Monopoly of the so-called superior white race 1918 Germany 1918 Germany Belgium Belgium 1962 Independence 1962 Independence

Background Rwanda Government (Hutu) Rwanda Government (Hutu) Racial discrimination Racial discrimination Tutsi Tutsi E.g. Radio programme-RTLM E.g. Radio programme-RTLM

Background Exiled refugee Rwandan Tutsis in Uganda Exiled refugee Rwandan Tutsis in Uganda Joined rebel forces Joined rebel forces Become part of the Ugandan military Become part of the Ugandan military Museveni's guerrilla forces Museveni's guerrilla forces

Civil War I 1990, the Tutsi-dominated RPF invaded Rwanda from Uganda 1990, the Tutsi-dominated RPF invaded Rwanda from Uganda A radio station that began anti-Tutsi propaganda and with pogrammes against Tutsis, whom it claimed were trying to re-enslave the Hutus A radio station that began anti-Tutsi propaganda and with pogrammes against Tutsis, whom it claimed were trying to re-enslave the Hutus

Civil War I Arusha accords Arusha accords “ Final" cease-fire agreement in August 1993 “ Final" cease-fire agreement in August 1993

Incident April. 6th 1994 April. 6th 1994 President Melchior Ndadaye President Melchior Ndadaye Hutu Hutu

Genocide Civil war Civil war Hutu Government Hutu Government VS. VS. Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)

Genocide April-July April-July 100days 100days 1 million 1 million

Genocide Hutu: Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi Hutu: Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi Tutsis Tutsis Moderate Hutus Moderate Hutus

Genocide Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and Uganda Government military forces Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and Uganda Government military forces July, 1994 Kigali July, 1994 Kigali Defeat the Hutus Defeat the Hutus

Genocide 2 million refugees 2 million refugees Refugee camps Refugee camps Countries besides, Uganda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania Countries besides, Uganda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania Thousands of people died Thousands of people died

International Aid-US US US Somalia Somalia Condemned by Europe and The Thirds Condemned by Europe and The Thirds

International Aid-UN UN peacekeeping forces UN peacekeeping forces Inaction Inaction

International Aid-Canada Canada continued to lead the UN peacekeeping force in Rwanda United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR)

Humanity Record For the first time in Rwanda's long history, the Rwandan leadership preached a message of division, hate, and violence to the population, resulting in repeated cycles of genocide. For the first time in Rwanda's long history, the Rwandan leadership preached a message of division, hate, and violence to the population, resulting in repeated cycles of genocide.

Humanity Record Despite specific warnings and requests from UNAMIR's commanding officers in Rwanda, before and during the genocide, the UN Security Council refused to send additional support, declined UNAMIR's request for authorization to intervene, and even scaled back UNAMIR's forces and authority. Despite specific warnings and requests from UNAMIR's commanding officers in Rwanda, before and during the genocide, the UN Security Council refused to send additional support, declined UNAMIR's request for authorization to intervene, and even scaled back UNAMIR's forces and authority.

Humanity Record One million lives were lost in only one hundred days. It is the fastest and most vicious genocide yet recorded in human history. One million lives were lost in only one hundred days. It is the fastest and most vicious genocide yet recorded in human history. Tragedy Tragedy

The End Thank you By Derek C. Department of Finance Director of Academic Affairs

Questions What UN should do? What UN should do? US ’ s attitude? US ’ s attitude? International intervention? International intervention? National sovereignty? National sovereignty? Peacemaking and peacekeeping? Peacemaking and peacekeeping? Taiwan ’ s 228 Taiwan ’ s 228