1. Ethnic Conflict
Rwanda and the 100 Days

2. Last Class In our last class, among other things, we: Today:
Discussed the moral aspects of the nationalist-separatist arguments
Covered several models of moral secession
Today:
We will be briefly discussing The 100 Days of 1994

3. Roméo Dallaire
When first asked to lead the UN peacekeeping mission to Rwanda, Dallaire famously responded:
“Rwanda, that’s in Africa somewhere, right?”

4. Roméo Dallaire
Lieutenant-General Roméo Alain Dallaire, OC, CMM, LM, GOQ, MSC, CD, B.Sc, LL.D.
OC = Order of Canada
CMM = Order of Military Merit, Canada
LM = Legion of Merit, US
GOQ = National Order of Quebec
MSC = Meritorious Service Decoration, Canada
CD = Canadian Forces Decoration
B.Sc. = Bachelor of Science
LL.D. = Doctor of Laws (Honorary)

5. Rwandan Genocide Over 500,000 Tutsis killed (800,000 –1,000,000)
Officially: 937,000
Unknown thousands of moderate Hutus killed
Perpetrating militias:
Interahamwe
Impuzamugambi

6. Rwandan Genocide
The “One Hundred Days”:
April 6, 1994 – July 18, 1994

7. UNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda Began October 1993
To implement the Arusha Peace Agreement signed on August 4, 1993
Ended the civil war in Rwanda
Between: Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) and the Rwanda government
RPF: Tutsi rebels bent on overthrowing the government
Power-sharing agreement

12. Rwandan Timeline
1400’s:
Area held Hutu, Tutsi, and Batwa (a pygmy people)
Tutsi from further north invaded and created a feudal system in the area
Tutsi were the rulers, Hutu were the workers, and the Batwa were the court jesters
1895:
Became part of German East Africa
Did not change existing power structures

13. Rwandan Timeline
1918:
League of Nations Mandate to Belgium
Did not change existing power structures
1933:
Belgium required self-identification of ethnicity on the identity cards (Tutsi, Hutu, Twa)
1945:
Ruanda-Urundi became UN Trust Territory with Belgium as administrative authority

14. Rwandan Timeline
1948:
King Rudahigwa abolished the feudal system and the guaranteed control of cattle by the Tutsis
Land and political reforms continued throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s
Each reform reduced Tutsi power
1959:
King forced to Uganda
Tutsis rebelled and killed tried to kill the Hutu prime minister

15. Rwandan Timeline
1959:
Hutus responded by killing 20,000 – 100,000 Tutsis
1960:
Rwanda becomes a republic
1962:
Rwanda becomes independent
1964:
Small-scale uprising against Hutus by Tutsis
Became legal for a Hutu to kill a Tutsi

16. Rwandan Timeline
1973:
Coup installed Maj. Gen. Juvénal Habyarimana, a Hutu
Thousands of Tutsis died in the aftermath
1990:
President Habyarimana promises to create a multi-party democracy in Rwanda
October 1, RPF invade from Uganda to overthrow government

17. One Hundred Days
1994 April 6
Plane carrying President Juvénal Habyarimana shot down over Kigali
Hutus, with help of government and RAF, began killing Tutsis and Hutu sympathizers

18. One Hundred Days
Dallaire ordered 10 Belgium soldiers to protect the new prime minister
Found dead the next day
Belgium withdrew its forces
Dallaire requested 4,000 UN troops to quell the situation
UN Security Council voted to reduce the UNAMIR force to 260.

19. One Hundred Days
Dallaire took his 260 troops and created a safe haven for Tutsis in a few Kigali neighborhood
Reports coming out of Rwanda forced the UNSC to reverse its action and increase the forces in Kigali to 5500
Operation Turquoise (June 23)
Yeas: 10; Nays: 0; Abstentions: 5
Set up in the Southwest of the country
Genocide still existed in the Turquoise Zone

20. One Hundred Days
July 18, the RPF entered Kigali and the genocide ended

21. Afterword
July 20, 2000:
Dallaire found under park bench and rushed to hospital
Interaction between alcohol and anti-depressants
“Park Bench” episode led to questioning the rules of engagement followed by UN forces

22. Assignment Taras and Ganguly: 70 – 75 Research Question due on Monday
Identify the question (factor) you will be examining. Write about two pages describing to me why the question is important, which ethnic group and state you will use to answer your question, why that group is relevant, and at least ten academic sources from this millennium you can use.