Chapter 9 Drugs Narcotics Classifications Effects on human systems

Narcotics Schedule I Produce sleep and lethargy Opium: derivative of poppy plant Morphine: extracted from opium Product of heroin metabolism

 Morphine is a controlled substance  used as a pain reducer/killer

Morphine was widely used in WW II for pain relief; lightweight, Easy to carry, VERY effective

Numerous soldiers became addicted but not publicized. Barney Ross/boxer

 heroin derived from morphine  popular as a drug  easily dissolved in water for injection ( highly soluble) ‘good’ for street sales

heroin on street is higher % today compared with 60’s laced with quinine and /or starch, even Novocain

 Codeine- another derivative of opium  preparation more involved  synthetic, not a naturally occurring derivative  cough suppressant- controlled substance

 Non-opium derivatives are called opiates.  Similar physiological effects of opium and its derivatives.

OxyContin Percosset, Hydrocodone used for pain management Methadone- used as treatment for heroin addicts heroin need diminished minimal side effects with the methadone

Hallucinogens Marijuana- Cannabis sativa Hashish is the resin produced by plant

Hemp- plant used to produce natural rope materials History to Chinese in 2000’s BC

Napoleon credited /blamed for bringing marijuana to the west. Central, South Americas have moderate temperatures and climate, with much rain, favorable for the growth of marijuana- smuggling!

Dicot- 5-9 leaves, branching veins on leaves Produces seeds, flower, stem, leaves all used in preparation of drugs

THC= tetrahydrocannabinol isolated in 1964 THC also sold illegally as hallucinogen- inhalant; crystalline form

Resin has highest concentration of THC- hashish- stronger effects than leaves, stem, etc. Hashish oil highest concentration

Read National Report: p. 243 Legal uses today- relieves pressure associated with glaucoma -relieves nausea for patients on chemo

Marijuana Dispensary Montclair, NJ 1 st dispensary since law changed last year for medical marijuana.

Mycology Fungi, mushroom, mold, mildews slime molds, yeasts Fungi: Kingdom fungi organisms, No ‘J’ sound but G (guh)

Lysergic acid diethylmide- LSD- synthesized from ergot fungus Salem witch trials

Hallucinogens Hallucinogenic mushrooms, fungi can be deadly in shamanistic ceremony Gut contents examined reveal fungi Some laws do not keep up with hallucinogenic mushrooms found Stopharia aeruginos not illegal Psylocibin; class A drug; illegal Some mushrooms not known or have no regulation/legality

Long lasting effects- Phenylcyclidine with LSD= angel dust- detachment- strength- inhibitions gone Violence, depression suicide possible

 Mescaline, phenylcyclidine, PCP and psilocybin (fungus)AKA mushrooms methylenedioxymethamphetamine = ecstasy

Depressants Alcohol(not a true drug) Barbituates:produce sleep suppress CNS

Source- barbituric acid Yellow jackets, blue devils and reds are slang for barbitol drugs pheno, seconal, pento, buto, etc

Tranquilizers Depressants but do not induce sleep nor do they directly depress CNS

Valium and Librium are commonly prescribed tranquilizers

Inhalants Volatile substances, usually solvents that are CNS depressants Airplane glue, freon, naptha, methyl ethyl ketone, gasoline, white-out! Liver, heart, may suffer from chemicals inhaled.

Amphetamines Stimulants of CNS Speed Stimulation then depression Increased heart rate hyperactivity euphoria

A false sense of energy Injection common but also taken in pill form Benzedrine, hexadine Ice= solidified form of methamphetamine smoked long hours of effects

Cocaine In a chemical class by itself From Erythroxylon coca- plant originally grown in Andes Mt. South America & Southern Asia gov/pdf/street_terms.pdf

Freud used cocaine Wrote of euphoric sensation Pain killer or anesthetic used in past for medicinal purposes- no longer Euphoria, energy, alertness Low appetite (weight loss)

Crack smoked ; inhaled and absorbed through mucus membranes in sinus Cocaine, inhaled, injected (free-base) or smoked (diffused in lung tissue to blood stream) Death possible- heart failure

Club Drugs Ecstasy Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Aka; MDMA Patented as appetite suppressant Rohpynol AKARoofies CNS depressant GHB gamma hydroxybutyrate CNS depressant

Club Drugs + -OH If combined with alcohol intense depressant combination Roofies; date rape drug These two usually in concert

Steroids Anabolic- similar to testosterone Androgenic effects- male Enhanced strength- promotes muscular development Liver problems, thyroid and kidney difficulties 1991 classified as controlled, dangerous substances Now on schedule III

Schedules II-V? which drugs? In textbook…read Laws- see p. 251 Controlled Substances Act p. 251 in 1970 Schedules 1-5- based on potential for abuse, dependence and medical value. Schedule I; heroin, LSD, marijuana II: barbs and amphetamines III: steroids, codeine IV: valium, librium V: non-narcotic medicines

Drug Tests Daubert accepted Cocaine: Scott test – blue to pink w/HCl Barbituates:Dillie-Koppanyi-violet blue Heroin, Morphine: Marquis-purple, orange brown for amphetamines Duquenois-Levine: marijuana, THC,purple again! Van Urk: LSD-blue- purple Reagents used are HCl, chloroform ionization potential is great

Crystalline tests useful tool Identify the crystalline geometry of a particular drug using the same reagents under the microscope Small quantities? P. 257 heroin under scope, b image with mercuric iodine most useful Also, infrared tests and spectrophotometry can identify substance

Drug ID in crime labs Drug ID with chromatography and mass spectrometry from urine, blood and other tissues noted in toxicology ppt.

Reading to do… Tests for drugs- see Do review questions p