Satellite Navigation Systems 1st MENTORE Event IPSC Projects based on Satellite Navigation Systems IPSC - Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen http://ipsc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ G. Baldini, J. Hofherr

The Mission of the Joint Research Centre … is to provide customer-driven scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of EU policies. As a service of the European Commission, the JRC functions as a reference centre of science and technology for the Union. Close to the policy-making process, it serves the common interest of the Member States, while being independent of special interests, whether private or national.

Our Structure: 7 Institutes in 5 Member States Joint Research Centre Our Structure: 7 Institutes in 5 Member States IRMM - Geel, Belgium Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements ITU - Karlsruhe, Germany Institute for Transuranium Elements IE - Petten, The Netherlands Institute for Energy IPSC - Ispra, Italy Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen IES - Ispra, Italy Institute for Environment and Sustainability IHCP - Ispra, Italy Institute for Health and Consumer Protection IPTS - Seville, Spain Institute for Prospective Technological Studies ~ 2800 staff ~ 300 M€/y budget (+ 40 M€/y competitive income)

IPSC Focus IPSC provides research-based, systems-oriented support to EU policies, in particular EU Security related policies (risk, anti-fraud). Two key objectives to be addressed: Supporting the development of a European area of Freedom, Security and Justice Contributing to the development of Global Stability and Security The Institute maintains and develops its expertise and networks in information, communication, space and engineering technologies in support of its mission.

IPSC Structure Stephan Lechner DIRECTOR JAMES GRAY MANAGEMENT SUPPORT   JAMES GRAY MANAGEMENT SUPPORT G01 DELILAH AL KHUDHAIRY SUPPORT TO EXTERNAL SECURITY G02 JACQUES DELINCE AGRICULTURE G03 THOMAS BARBAS ff MARITIME AFFAIRS G04 MICHEL GERADIN EUROPEAN LABORATORY FOR STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT G05 ALOIS SIEBER SENSORS RADAR TECHNOLOGIES AND CYBERSECURITY G06 ANDRE POUCET TRACEABILITY AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT G07 WILLEM JANSSENS NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS G08 ANDREA SALTELLI STATISTICS AND ECONOMETRICS G09

Regulations & Standards The definition of policy and regulations is an iterative process where many stakeholders are involved. Government Standardization bodies Regulations Standards Operational Needs Research Centers Research Workshops & Studies with End Users Pilot projects and Prototypes Technologies Industry “The use of standards is a strategic tool to raise competitiveness”.

Why IPSC is interested to MENTORE: IPSC and MENTORE Why IPSC is interested to MENTORE: Pilot projects like the ones developed in MENTORE are essential to: Identify challenges and issues on the implementation of Applications. Introduce feedback to the chain of regulation/standards/technology. Identify gaps in standard and research. MENTORE team is investigating important aspects related to the security and safety of the citizen, which is the core activity of IPSC.

IPSC projects IPSC has been working for many years on a number of projects related to Tracking and Tracing: Transportation of Dangerous Goods Maritime Security Livestock transportation

Transportation of Dangerous Goods IPSC projects Transportation of Dangerous Goods

Transportation of Dangerous Goods Policy Context: Framework Directives 94/55/EC and 96/49/EC are the basis. 1994/55EC Council Directive on the approximation of laws of the Member States with regard to the transport of dangerous goods by road. 1994/55EC was amended by 1996/86/EC, 1999/47/EC, 2000/61/EC; 2001/7/EC, 2003/28/EC, 2004/111/EC, 2006/89/EC. 1996/49/CE Council Directive on the approximation of laws of the Member States with regard to the transport of dangerous goods by rail. 1996/49/CE was amended by 1996/87EC, 1999/48/EC, 2001/6/EC, 2003/29/EC, 2004/89/EC, 2004/110/EC, 2006/90/EC. Also Commission Decision 2005/777/EC of 13 October 2005 amending Decision 2005/180/EC on authorizing Member States to adopt certain derogations pursuant to Council Directive 96/49/EC with regard to the transport of dangerous goods by rail. 1995/50/EC Council Directive on uniform procedures for checks on the transport of dangerous goods by road amended by 2001/26 and 2008/54/EC.

Transportation of Dangerous Goods JRC Project: SIMAGE SIstema integrato per il Monitoraggio Ambientale e la Gestione del rischio industriale e delle Emergenze The main aim of SIMAGE Transport was to implement a pilot information system for the near real-time monitoring of vehicles carrying hazardous freight and provide early alert warnings to the competent authorities in the case of emergency associated with the dangerous goods transport. Framework Agreement between DG JRC and the Italian Ministry of Environment 1995-2005. About 13.5 millions Euro

Transportation of Dangerous Goods Main communication paths are: between the control centre and the driver for emergency management needs; between the driver and the cargo for setting up the typology of cargo, quantities carried and alarm values for the sensors; between the cargo device and the fixed equipment for identifying the trailer and the cargo being carried; between the fixed equipment and the control centre to indicate passage of a cargo

Transportation of Dangerous Goods

Transportation of Dangerous Goods Conclusions: Monitoring the transport of dangerous substances is not only a technological challenge, but also and, perhaps more importantly, a participatory challenge. Need for an harmonization of the rules for the transport of dangerous goods in one of piece of EU law covering road, rail and inland waterway. Resistance by operators for adoption of tracking & tracing technologies if added-value for them and for society is not clearly identified. Prototyping and Pilot projects are quite useful to identify challenges and issues in implementing regulations and to identify the existence or lack of appropriate standards. An emerging issue is the standardization of messaging structures for data exchange between interested and authorized parties as well as the availability and reliability of the communication chain .

Monitoring of fishing vessels IPSC projects Monitoring of fishing vessels

Monitoring of fishing vessels Problem: The oceans are being over-fished Response: Track fishery vessels, establish no-fishing zones How fishery vessels are being tracked VMS: Vessel Monitoring System Satellite based tracking system for fishery boats Comprised of a “VMS box” on each fishing vessel AND A database application at the Fishery Monitoring Center The VMS box includes a GPS device that is able to determine the vessel’s position The VMS box sends a position every 1-2 hours Problem: Fishermen don’t like to be tracked, some even cheat ! Response: Find out how to secure VMS boxes so that cheating is more difficult. US FIPS 140-2 at http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips140-2/fips1402.pdf

Monitoring of fishing vessels Policy Context: COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 2244/2003 of 18 December 2003 laying down detailed provisions regarding satellite-based Vessel Monitoring Systems Art 6   2. In particular, the master of a Community fishing vessel shall ensure that: (a) the data are not altered in any way; (b) the antenna or the antennas connected to the satellite tracking devices are not obstructed in any way; (c) the power supply of the satellite tracking devices is not interrupted in any way; and (d) the satellite tracking devices are not removed from the fishing vessel. 3. It shall be prohibited to destroy, damage, render inoperative or otherwise interfere with the satellite tracking device.

Monitoring of fishing vessels Focus of Maruse study

Key findings: A dishonest Fisherman’s viewpoint Monitoring of fishing vessels Key findings: A dishonest Fisherman’s viewpoint Extra profit from black landings can exceed 1 million EUR over 2 years Skippers of larger boats have considerable financial resources Could compromise technology attempt to corrupt law enforcement (out of scope) Simple GPS « fraud kit » available for 2 000 EUR Disable antenna, open box, feed into RS-232 port (« invasive ») Sophisticated GPS signal simulators available for about 100k EUR Connect to antenna itself (« invasive ») Radiate towards VMS box (« non-invasive »)

Monitoring of fishing vessels Why Galileo? Galileo Differentiator for VMS Enable adequate protection for incoming and outgoing VMS signals Incoming authenticated signal => Galileo encrypted signal … makes a fake signal infeasible Galileo authentic signal This may also be valid for AIS and LRIT systems. Like VMS, these systems can also be used for vessel tracking. While AIR and LRIT are used for merchant vessels instead of fishing vessels, these systems use GPS positions as well and they could be prone to tampering In this case Galileo could also provide additional security.

Animal welfare in livestock transportation IPSC projects Animal welfare in livestock transportation

Community legislation was amended in 2004 Animal welfare in livestock transportation Problem only few of the animal welfare requirements can be verified at road-side checks or after transport (retrospective) Community legislation was amended in 2004 to ensure better enforcement of the standards, in particular by increasing the traceability of such transport operations and new elements introduced Navigation system for long journey animal transports (> 8 hours) Temperature recording and warning system

=> Implementing measures required Animal welfare in livestock transportation Policy Context: Regulation (EC) 1/2005 on the protection of animals during transport Article 6(9) navigation system over long road journeys as from 1 January 2007 for vehicles for the first time in service; As from 1 January 2009 for all road vehicles. Annex I appropriate navigation system allowing for recording and providing information equivalent to those required in the journey log and concerning opening/closing of the loading flap; Annex I temperature monitoring and recording system which alerts the driver of the vehicle when the temperature in the animal compartment (s) reaches the maximum or minimum limit. => Implementing measures required

Concept for the system proposed by JRC: Animal welfare in livestock transportation Concept for the system proposed by JRC: a largely autonomous system to control and verify animal welfare parameters during transport a) transport times & resting times b) temperatures providing the possibility of on-site and real time remote access to data to establish a connection with TRACES via TRACES certificate number

Principle Animal welfare in livestock transportation Communication Decentralised remote receiver e.g. private Service Provider GPRS/GMS Positioning and time GPS/ Galileo Authorised user (Transporter) Central EU wide receiver, e.g. TRACES Web Server Direct download Authorized users (authorities for animal welfare) Remote access to data in real time

System characteristics: Animal welfare in livestock transportation System characteristics: The On-board-unit (OBU) obtains and records at least time and position of vehicle temperatures in animal compartment(s) opening/closing of loading door(s) entering by driver Entering of information by the driver should be limited journey status (start, rest, resume, end of journey) TRACES certificate number(s) species, category, total number of animals loaded number of animals injured or dead during journey Data recorded and sent by the OBU are distinguished by the VIN of the vehicle, date and time when recorded

Where further information can be found on the proposed system? Animal welfare in livestock transportation Where further information can be found on the proposed system? JRC animal welfare website http://awt.jrc.it Technical Specifications Report Impact Assessment Report Scenarios Report how it could step up the effectiveness of animal welfare controls)

State of play regarding technical solutions: Animal welfare in livestock transportation State of play regarding technical solutions: JRC carried out laboratory and in-field tests of a system conforming to the technical specifications (recordings - downloading – data transmission to a remote receiver – transmission from a remote receiver to TRACES receiver). Working on a second generation of navigation system which could also handle the electronic identification of animals loaded/unloaded. A number of service suppliers for the transport industry developed systems largely conforming to the technical specifications – some are already in use.

Second OBU in truck & trailer; Remote transmission of recorded data. Animal welfare in livestock transportation Some points of the concept (and Technical Specifications) are not agreed on by all Member States: The proposed system combines temperature monitoring and navigation systems to avoid duplication of devices and information, allowing shared use and simplification of systems; Second OBU in truck & trailer; Remote transmission of recorded data.